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Final Exam Review 2013 Review Questions for Cellular Respiration 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. In which process is glucose broken down in cells and ATP produced? What gas is required for aerobic respiration to occur and where does this process occur in the cell? What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? How many oxygen atoms are needed to fully oxidize or breakdown sugar? (look at overall cellular respiration formula). List 3 cellular respiration processes that are anaerobic (requiring no oxygen). - Hints: 1. (the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate) 2. Is the reduction of pyruvate to lactate and 3. reduction of pyruvate to alcohol and CO2 In what organ is the lactic acid that builds up in tissues converted back into glucose? How many ATP are produced after aerobic respiration? Why is oxygen so important in aerobic respiration? Review for Mitosis/Meiosis Mitosis (pp.244-252) Meiosis (pp. 275-278) Genetic disorders (pp. 352-353; p. 308) Vocabulary to Know: Chromosome Chromatin Chromatid Centromere Interphase (G1, S, G2) crossing over Spindle Phases of mitosis (PMAT) Cytokinesis Cell plate Contractile ring Cleavage furrow Cell cycle Amniocentesis cyclins nondisjunction homologous pairs Down’s syndrome (21) deletion diploid (2n) Edward’s Syndrome (18) duplication haploid (n) Patau’s Syndrome (13) inversion tetrad Turner’s Syndrome (X0) centrioles Klinefelter’s Syndrome translocation gamete XYY male zygote polyX (XXX, XXXX, XXXXX) polar body polyploidy karyotype trisomy sex chromosome monosomy autosome Barr bodies asexual reproduction binary fission chronic villus sampling Review for Genetics: Punnett squares to review: monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, recessive sex-linked, blood-typing, polygenic, incomplete dominance (review problem sets I-III in your genetics homework folder Pedigree lab Review for DNA: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Review key DNA scientists and know basic chronologic order of experiments: Griffith, Chargaff, Oswald Avery, McCarty & MacLeod, Franklin and Wilkins, Hershey and Chase and Watson and Crick. Review hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous base pairs. What does antiparallel mean? Review enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription. Review processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation. (See diagrams you labeled with a word bank in your homework folder). What does semiconservative mean? What are codons? Anticodons? Be able to interpret results of a gel from DNA gel electrophoresis. REVIEW SHEET FOR EVOLUTION/CLASSIFICATION UNIT 1. Understand the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Review Darwin’s theory summarized in review slides. Compare this theory to LaMarck’s theory. 2. Review primate lab and hominid stations (stations 6 and 7) from classification lab. 3. Why do most primates have forward facing eyes. What is the selective pressure for this feature? 3. Explain at least two distinguishing characteristics of Australopithecines (Lucy). 4. Distinguish between Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon? 6. From hominid lab and notes, be able to list at least 5 hominid species and place in order from most primitive to most recently evolved. 7. Be able to summarize Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection (page 386 in textbook ). 8. Be able to provide definition and example for adaptive radiation, convergent evolution and coevolution (handout Arise of a New Species and read pp. 436-437. 9. Natural Selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in 3 ways. Be familiar with each: disruptive, directional and stabilizing. Read text pp. 398-399. 10. In biological terms, define the word fitness and provide a detailed example. Read pp. 380-381. 11.List 4 of the 5 forms of reproductive isolation discussed in lecture (see maggot fly speciation slides. Provide an example of each type. Read text pp. 404-405. 12. What does the Hardy-Weinberg Principle State? List the conditions that are required to maintain genetic equlibrium from generation to generation. Read pp,. 401-402. 13. Write out the Hardy-Weinberg mathematical principle and define each component (or variable) of the equation as it would apply to genotypic frequency of a population (see lab) 14. Be able to solve a problem using the Hardy-Weinberg equation. 15. Review classification lab (7 stations with specimens) 16. What is gene flow? 17. Review taxons (KPCOFGS) 18. Review bionomial nomenclature.