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4-1 Reading Guide: Foundations of Genetics (p. 172 – 179) Name ___________________ Early Ideas About Heredity Combined ____________________ _____________________ from a sperm and an egg determines the _____________________ or features of an offspring. Heredity is the passing of _________________________________ from parents to offspring. The idea of ____________________________________ inheritance is offspring are a blend of genetic material from both parents. o The genetic material ___________________________________ or blended like colors of paint. o Over many generations, populations would eventually look __________________________________. o Blending traits CANNOT explain why some traits _________________________________ a generation. Gregor Mendel and His Experiments Gregor Mendel was the first to record evidence that ______________________ are determined by factors passed from ____________________ to offspring. Mendel established the basic __________________________________ of ___________________________. Genetics is the study of how __________________________________ of organisms are passed from parent to offspring. Mendel’s Experimental Methods Mendel conducted breeding experiments by studying seven traits of _____________________ plants and each trait had only __________________ variations. Controlled Experiments Mendel controlled _____________________________ in pea plants, allowing him to see how traits pass from one generation to another. Mendel allowed some flowers to ___________________________. He also performed ______________________________________ by transferring pollen from one pea flower to another. Mendel’s Unique Methods Used __________________________ plants for each trait – plants that always produce offspring with that trait when they ___________________________. Recorded the inheritance of traits for several ____________________________________. Used a ______________________________________ approach. Mendel’s Experimental Results Mendel concluded that _____________________ _____________________ control each inherited trait. When organisms reproduce, each gamete – sperm or egg – contributes ________________________________ factor for each trait. Dominant Factors A genetic factor that ____________________ another genetic factor is called __________________________. A dominant trait is observed when offspring have _____________________ or ________________________ dominant factors. Recessive Factors A genetic factor that is ________________________________ by the presence of a dominant factor is _________________________________. A recessive trait can be observed only when ______________________________________ recessive genetic factors are present in offspring. Mendel’s Laws of Heredity Law of segregation: the two factors for each trait segregate - _________________ from each other – during _______________ when gametes form. Law of independent assortment: the factors for one trait separate _____________________ of how factors for other traits separate. Modern Definitions of Mendel’s Ideas Mendel did not know about _____________________________ or how cells reproduce, but his ideas about _________________________ are still true today. Genes and Alleles A gene is a __________________________________ of __________________________________ that has information about a trait in an organism. Each form of a gene with different information is called an _______________________________. Phenotype and Genotype The ______________ traits and all characteristics of an organism make up the organism’s ________________. The __________________ that make up an organism is the organism’s _____________________________. The alleles of a particular _____________________ is that gene’s genotype. Homozygous and Heterozygous Genotypes Because eukaryotes have pairs of chromosomes, a genotype for a gene has _____________________ alleles. If the two alleles have the _____________________ information, the genotype is _____________________. If the two alleles have _______________________ information, the genotype is ________________________. Law of Segregation Explained The movement of chromosomes during __________________________ explains Mendel’s law of segregation. o Each set of _________________________________ separate into different ______________________ during meiosis II. o Each gamete receives only ________________________________ allele. Law of Independent Assortment Explained The daughter cells produced by meiosis receive one ____________________________________ from each pair of homologous chromosomes. o A daughter cell might receive the A or a chromosome from pair 1 and the B or b chromosome from pair 2. o This results in ____________________________________ possible allele combinations for two homologous pairs of chromosomes. Importance of Mendel’s Genetic Studies In the 1860’s, no one knew about _____________________ or _____________________ so it was hard to understand Mendel’s discoveries. All the research of modern genetics is based on _____________________ conclusions from his work with __________________ ____________________.