Download First Semester Biology Study Guide

Core 40 Study Guide
Name: ________________
Per: ________
Nature of Biology
1. What are the steps of the scientific method?
Analyzing Experimental Design
To study the effects of common substances on the heart rate of tiny aquatic organisms known as Daphnia, students placed a
Daphnia in a drop of water on a glass slide. The students then added 1 or more drops of a test substance dissolved in water
to the slide, waited 10 seconds, then counted heart beats for 10 seconds. The students used a clean slide and a new Daphnia
each time. Their data table is shown below.
Heart Rate of Daphnia in Different Solutions
Substance tested
Heart rate (beats per minute)
None (control)
58
Coffee
65
Ethanol
50
2. Identify the dependent and independent variables in the experiment.
3. Identify the experimental groups in the experiment
4. Propose a liquid that could be used for a control group.
5. Evaluate how the instructions could be changed to improve the design of the experiment.
6. What are the 5 characteristics of life?
7. Place the following terms in order of smallest to largest: cell, atoms, organelles, organisms,
molecules, biosphere, tissue, ecosystem, organ and population.
Matter Cycles and Energy Transfer
Ecosystems & Populations
1. On the diagram label the producers,
herbivores, omnivores, carnivores.
2. Pick a food chain and label the primary
consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary
consumers.
3. What is the role of a decomposer in an
ecosystem?
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Interdependence
4. What are some biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
5. What is a trophic level within an energy pyramid?
6. Why is the transfer of energy in a food chain usually only about 10 percent efficient? Hint: Most
energy is lost as ________.
7. Elements such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous are recycled on Earth. Pick one of these
cycles and explain the key steps of the cycle. You may want to draw a diagram to support your
discussion.
8. Give an example of primary and secondary succession.
9. Why are lichens especially well adapted to play the role of pioneer organisms in an ecological
succession?
10. Fill in the chart below for the three types of symbiosis. Use + = benefits; - = harms; ~ = neutral.
Mutualism
Organism 1
Organism 2
Commensalism
Organism 1
Organism 2
Parasitism
Organism 1
Organism 2
11. Identify and understand the labeled components on the graph.
Define carrying capacity.
12. Describe the consequences of introducing an invasive species
into an ecosystem and identify the impact it may have on that
ecosystem.
Human Impact
13. Describe how human population has grown throughout most of history and how the Industrial
Revolution impacted it.
14. Describe global climate change. What are the expectations of the changes that will occur in the
near future with present human habits?
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Cellular Chemistry
Name: ________________
Per: ________
1. What are enzymes and how do they work?
2. Enzyme function is affected by temperature, pH (i.e. what’s acidic, neutral or basic), and enzyme
concentration. Pick two of these variables and discuss how changing the variable will affect the rate
of enzyme function. You might want to draw graphs to show the change in enzyme function.
3. What element must all organic compounds contain? _______________________
4. Complete the following data table:
Function
carbohydrates
Elements that make them
Basic chemical structure
fats
proteins
nucleic acids
Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration
1. What is ATP and why is it important?
2. Develop analogy to explain ATP and energy transfer to a classmate who does not understand the
concept
3. Write out the equations for photosynthesis and respiration. Know where these processes occur.
4. How is aerobic respiration different from fermentation?
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Cell Structure
Cell Structure & Function
5. What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Plant and animal cells?
6. Identify the labeled parts and function of each labeled structure.
Name
Function
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
7. What type of cell needs the most mitochondria? (nerve, muscle, blood, or bacteria) Why?
8. What is the function and location of the ribosomes?
9. What type of cells would have a lot of smooth ER? (nerve, muscle, liver, or heart) Why?
Cell Transport
10. Identify the structure and its labeled parts on the diagram:
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Name: ________________
Per: ________
11. Label the diagrams as isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the environment outside of the
cell. Draw an arrow indicating which way water will move. Key: = water (H2O)
= sugar
__________________
_______________
_______________
12. Predict what would happen to a sample of your red blood cells if they were placed in a hypotonic
solution? Explain.
13. What are the differences and similarities between each of the following processes? (Do not just
write the definition. Compare the pairs. You may also draw pictures to illustrate the differences)
a. osmosis & diffusion
b. active & passive transport
c. exocytosis & endocytosis
Cell Reproduction
14. Label the stages of mitosis in the diagram AND put them in the
right order.
15. Label what is happening at each stage of mitosis?
16. What happens during meiosis? What is produced in a male and a
female?
17. What are the cells produced during mitosis and meiosis different?
18. Why is crossing-over so important in sexual reproduction?
19. What are the advantages & disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?
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Name: ________________
Per: ________
Genetics
DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis
1. Label the diagram of DNA. Why is DNA important? What is its function?
2. If you were to exam the genetic make-up of one of your liver cells and one of your heart cells,
how would they compare?
3. You started out as a tiny fertilized egg – a single cell. How did that single cell get to be the
many cells that make you and how did those cells become all the different cells (like liver and
heart cells) that perform specific functions in your body? Hint: differentiation
4. What is a mutation and what might cause it?
5. Given: DNA Template Strand:
T A C C A T G A G
Complementary DNA Strand:
________________________________
mRNA Codon
Chart
Use the DNA Template Strand to determine the
mRNA.
mRNA Strand (Codons): _________________________
tRNA Strand (Anticodons):________________________
Amino Acid Sequence:___________________________
6. Why are proteins important? List 2 functions.
7. Transcription (DNA  mRNA)

Transcription occurs in the ________________. The DNA unwinds/unzips and serves as a
template/pattern to make mRNA. The mRNA leaves through the
__________________________ and goes to the __________________ in the
_______________ of a cell. The DNA closes and winds back up.
8. Translation (mRNA  amino acid sequence = protein)


Translation occurs in the ____________________.
Describe translation.
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9. What is the difference between Mendel’s Law of Segregation and Law of Independent
Assortment?
10. Distinguish among these terms by completing the following:
somatic cell, gamete, autosome, sex chromosome, haploid, diploid, egg, sperm
Cells that contain 46 chromosomes in humans are called ____________________ ____________. They
are _______________________ (2n). Of these 46 chromosomes, 44 (22 pairs) are
____________________ and 2 (1 pair) are _______________________. Cells that contain 23
chromosomes in humans are called _______________. They are ____________________ (n). Of these
23 chromosomes, 22 are _____________ and 1 is a ____________________. There are two types of
gametes, __________________ produced in the ovaries in females, and ___________________
produced in the testes in males.
Mendelian Genetics Matching
1. autosomes _____
A. nucleotide or DNA segment is lost
2. chromosome _____
B. one extra chromosome
3. gene _____
C. phenotypic history of a family
4. pedigrees _____
D. section of a chromosome that controls traits
5. sex chromosomes ____
E. chromosome contains an extra copy of a gene
6. karyotype _____
F. rod-shaped structure that contains a cell’s genetic
7. trisomy _____
information
8. monosomy _____
G. a photograph of an organism’s chromosomes
9. deletion _____
H. addition of one or more nucleotides to a gene
10. duplication _____
I. non-sex chromosomes; in normal cells there are 22 pairs
11. substitution _____
J. the X and the Y chromosome (pair 23)
12. insertion _____
K. only one copy of the chromosome instead of two
L. one nucleotide is replaced with another
13. Define the following and give an example illustrating this type of inheritance.
a. Dominant vs. Recessive inheritance—
b. Codominance inheritance—
c. Sex-linked inheritance—
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Questions 14-15. Show all work in a Punnett square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
Traits and alleles: Y= Yellow seed, y=green seed
R=round
r= wrinkled
14. Cross two plants heterozygous for seed color.
15. Cross two heterozygous plants that have yellow, round seeds.
16. THINK: What is always the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross of two heterozygotes?
17. What is the phenotypic ratio for a cross between a heterozygote and a homozygous recessive
individual?
Suppose a consumer reads the following news release regarding the safety of a genetically modified (GM)
food product.
GM Grains Pose No Health Risk
Researchers report that genetically modified (GM) grains fed to test mice have no negative impact on
health. In two trials, the offspring of mice fed GM grain for three weeks showed a similar survival rate as
the offspring of mice that were fed non-GM grain. The trials have been called as a victory for GM food
producers. A spokesperson for the research group stated that “it is highly unlikely for any unintended side
effects to occur as a result of human consumption of GM grains.”
18. Provide three reasons a consumer should question the conclusions presented in this news release.
19. How does the process of natural selection account for the diversity of organisms that Darwin
observed on the Galapagos Islands? Use the word geographic isolation.
20. Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. Use N for normal
vision and n for colorblindness. Don’t forget your XX and XY! Show all work with a Punnett
square.
a. If a woman who is homozygous for normal vision marries a
man who is colorblind, what percent chance do they have of
having a son who is colorblind?
Genetic Engineering
21. What is a transgenic organism? Give an example of the benefits of using
recombinant DNA.
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Evolution
Darwin & Evolution
1. Define natural selection. What else is it called?
2. Define the 4 sources of scientific evidence for evolution.
A. fossil record
a. fossil—
b. relative dating—
B. comparative anatomy
a. homologous structures (and example)—
b. analogous structures (and ex.)—
c. vestigial structures (and ex.)—
C. embryology—
D. biochemical evidence—
In 1859, twenty-four European rabbits were brought to Australia for sport hunting. The rabbits
had no natural predators, resulting in an exponential growth pattern for the rabbits. They at crops
and became a serious, destructive pest within a relatively short period of time. In an attempt to
control the rabbit population, the myxoma virus was introduced into the rabbit population in 1950.
Initially, the virus was highly effective, reducing the rabbit population by 99%. Currently, the
myxoma mortality rate is less than 50 %.
3. Describe one scientifically probable change in the rabbit population of Australia that resulted in
the reduced effectiveness of the myxoma virus in controlling the number of wild rabbits.
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