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Name _____________________________ Ancient Greece 6.1 1. peninsula 2. epic 3. acropolis 4. city-state 5. aristocrat 6. tyrant A body of land surrounded by water on three sides An extended narrative poem that celebrates the feats of a legendary or traditional hero A fortified height of an ancient Greek city- “high city” where Greeks built villages to protect themselves from attacks, the center of religious life in Athens A sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory Members of rich and powerful families- by the end of the Dark ages they ruled most city-states and controlled most of the good land A ruler who seized power by force, usually supported by the middle and working class, overthrew the aristocrats when merchants and artisans became more powerful through foreign trade A type of government where citizens govern themselves 7. democracy 8. Homer 9. Solon 10. Troy 6.2 12. tribute A Greek poet who is credited for writing the epics the Iliad and the Odyssey. A wise Athenian leader who won the power to reform the laws of the economy and the government (cancelled all debts and freed citizens enslaved because of debt, allowed any male citizen 18+ to debate laws_ A wealthy city in Asia Minor, the site of the battle with the Trojan Horse between Troy and Greece and was captured and destroyed by Greek forces c. 1200 B.C. The ruins of Troy were discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1871 A payment, usually in return for protection The ability to live forever 13. immortal 14. philosopher People who thought about ways besides myths to understand the world, a person who seeks reason and truth 15. tragedy A serious story that usually ends in disaster for the main character. One of the most famous styles of Greek plays. 16. Pericles 6.3 17. agora 18. Athens One of the most powerful men of Athenian politics, a member of an aristocratic family who supported democracy, * started the salary for government officialspoor citizens could afford to hold public office, beautified Athens (rebuilt Acropolis) Public markets and meeting places that serves as the center of public life in ancient Greece The source of many of the West's intellectual and artistic conceptions, including that of democracy, Athens is generally considered the birthplace of Western civilization. 19. Parthenon Earthly home to goddess Athena, made of marble, surrounded by columns on all 4 sides, originally held a statue of Athena made of wood, ivory and gold 20. Socrates A foot soldier in the Peloponnesian War, then a famous philosopher and educator, developed the “Socratic Method” (justice & courage) teach by questioning, put to death @ 70 for heresy, most famous pupil was Plato A widespread disease, killed 1/3 of Athenians early in the war against Sparta, including Pericles 6.4 17. plague 18. blockade 19. Sparta 20. Persia To block from goods entering an area (war strategy). The Spartans staged a blockade in 405 BCE during the war with Athens by blocking the port where they received food shipments causing Athenians to starve and eventually surrender less than 1 year later A city-state in southern Greece, life there was harsh and cruel, had a strong army, Motto- Always put the city’s needs above your own A vast empire of SW Asia founded by Cyrus II after 546 B.C., brought to the height of its power and glory by Darius I and his son Xerxes. It eventually extended from the Indus River valley in present-day Pakistan to the Mediterranean Sea before Alexander the Great conquered it between 333 and 331 B.C. 21. Marathon 6.5 22. barbarian The location of the Greeks battle and defeat of the Persians. The fastest runner in Athens ran to send the message (26.2 mi) and died at the end, beginning the celebration of Marathon Wild uncivilized peopleWhat Greeks called the Macedonians Murder 23. assassinate 24. Hellenistic 25. King Philip From the Greek word Hellas- the name the Greeks gave their land (separated into different kingdoms), postclassical Greek history and culture from the death of Alexander the Great to the accession of Augustus. The King who united Macedonia and built an army even stronger than Sparta’s, was the first to control all of Greece, assassinated before he was able to attack Persia and Alexander took over The land north of Greece, considered barbaric by Greeks 26. Macedonia 27. Alexandria 28. Euclid 29. Archimedes Son of King Philip, took over as king at 20 when Philip was assassinated, conquered practically all of the known world (Persia, Egypt and land beyond the Indus River to Babylon) in 13 years, conquered numerous cities and named them after himself A mathematician who developed geometry around 300 BCE (wrote proofs to explain figures like squares, cubes, angles, triangles, and cones) his system is still used today One of the greatest scientist of the times who discovered that people could use pulleys and levers to lift very heavy objects Other 30. empire A political unit with extensive territory ruled by a single or supreme authority 31. equal rights the criteria for choosing citizens for office in ancient Greece was merit and efficiency and not wealth 32. Civic participation and voting rights The idea that people have a say in their government Only freed males in Greece had this right Fundamental laws of a government (USA) 33. constitution writing 34. rule of law 35. myth No one can suffer criminal punishment without following strict lines of legal procedures, requires the government to exercise its power in accordance with well-established and clearly written rules, regulations, and legal principles. A traditional, typically ancient story dealing with supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes that explains aspects of the natural world or customs, or ideals of society A succession of rulers from the same family line 36. dynasty A political unit ruled by a king or queen 37. kingdom 38. legislative bodies Legislative bodies include the U.S. Congress, state legislative assemblies, and local commissions and boards. They are responsible for proposing, selecting, and amending the laws that govern all Americans. They have the authority to levy taxes, regulate commerce, borrow money, and exercise a number of additional powers. Questions 1. Describe the influence that ancient Greece had on the Mediterranean world. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. What advantages did the geographic location of ancient Greece provide? The mountains provided protection from invaders, their close proximity to water (a peninsula made up of peninsulas) allowed them to become a major force in maritime trade, fishing trading and different specializations became the way to earn a living, and they had easy access to waterways that led to many different areas allowing them to gain colonies, 3. Summarize the democratic political concepts developed in ancient Greece. It was the beginning of democracy A. the polis (city-state) independent, male dominate communities bound together by race, citizenship was Hereditary, 5040 citezens max, everyone must know each other’s personal qualities in order to judge officials B. civic participation & voting rights only to freed men 18+ intimately involved in debating politics, a citizen who did not fulfill his duties was socially disruptive C. legislative bodies The Council of 500 pple held a 1 yr term and spend time scrutinizing the qualifications of public officials, and the allocation of funds. This was a full time job and officials received a fee. The assembly (all other citizens) debated religion, foreign and secular affairs E. rule of law citizens sat on juries to judge each others crimes 4. Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta. Life in Athens Both Life in Sparta Military society; part Society based on citizenship; Shared Greek language, direct democracy; 4 social culture; fought Persia; slave monarchy/oligarchy/democracy; 3 social classes; educated to be classes; education to be a labor, 2 governing bodies soldiers; women had much good citizen; women were freedom housewives and mothers 5. Compare and Contrast the ancient Athenian government and our modern government today. Athenian Government Both Our Government -Direct democracy -Political power is held by all -Representative democracy -Citizenship: male; 18 yrs, citizens -Citizenship: born in US or born of citizen parents -Government has 3 branches completed citizenship process -Assembly of all citizens votes -Law making branch passes -Representatives are elected on laws laws to law-making body -Leader is selected randomly -Executive branch carries out -Leader is elected or elected laws -Executive branch has elected -Council of 500 prepares -Judicial branch holds trials and appointed officials business for the assembly -Juries usually have 12 jurors -As many as 500 jurors could serve 6. Explain the role of women in ancient Greece and justify the position that the Greeks took about women’s roles. Spartan women were expected to be tough, emotionally and physically (b.c. life was focused around battle) Education for women in Sparta focused on making them strong, they had athletic training and learned to defend themselves (running and wrestling). Husbands and wives spent most of their lives apart (men in barracks) therefore women had more freedom. They were allowed to own property, a wife was expected to watch over her husbands property if he was at war. Athenian women were expected to be good wives and mothers their roles were respected b.c. they helped to keep the family and society strong. Some women fulfilled important religious roles as priestesses in temples, they did not have as much freedom as Spartan women (the men were not away). Women could only inherit property if their father had no sons, they did not attend school, they learned household duties from their mothers, a few learned to read and write. 7. Assess the role of slaves in ancient Greece. Elaborate on the impact they had on the life style of ancient Athenians. There were many different ways to become a slave in ancient Greece (born into slavery from slave parents, abandoned by parents, sold into slavery-usually girls, kidnapped, or POW’s. There were more slaves than citizens, slaves were not so different from poor people (depending on the type) Different types of slaves- household slaves- (usually women) monitored by the wealthy women, in charge of household duties (less difficult) 10-12 slaves per house The life of a mineworker or ship's crewmember was a life of misery and danger. These people usually did not live long because of the grueling work and dangerous conditions of their work (usually people who committed crimes). They could not use their own names, but were assigned names by their master. They could not enter the Gymnasium or the Public Assembly. Surprising most of the police force and clerks at the treasury office were slaves Slavery was VITAL to the success of Greece because they ran every day matters as well as expansion so that the Greeks could concentrate on advancing their own city-state (affected all of life, from domestic living to the infamous Athenian naval fleet 8. Describe the connection between the Persian Wars and the origin of marathons. After the Greeks won the battle at Marathon they sent a messenger about 25 miles to Athens to send the message that they Athenians beat the Persians. He dropped dead upon arrival. 9. Analyze the causes, course, and consequences of the Persian Wars. Causes 1. Anatolia, a region of Greek colonies was invaded by Persia 2. In 499 some Greeks in Anatolia revolted against the Persians 3. Athens sent ships and soldiers to help 4. The revolt failed, but now Persia was angry with Athens 5. The Persians land in Marathon preparing to attack Athens, Sparta was asked to help but they came too late Course (what occurred during the war) A The Battle of Marathon 1. Athens was greatly outnumbered 2. Devised a clever plan 3. 1st they drew the Persians toward the center of the Greek line, next the Greeks surrounded them and attacked, in close fighting Greek spears were more effective than Persian arrows. 4. Persia lost 6,400 men & the Greeks lost 192 men B The Battle of Thermopylae 1. The Spartans came to the defense of Athens. 2. They made a barricade of 300 soldiers, all of them were killed after 2 days 3. This gave the Athenians time to prepare 4. Athens won the naval battle after destroying 300 Persian ships Consequences (effects of the war) 1. A solder ran from marathon to Athens (about 25 mi) to report of their victory. When he reached he collapsed and died modern marathon 2. Beating Persia allowed Greek democracy and culture to continue, this culture greatly influenced later world civilizations. 10.Analyze the reasons for the Peloponnesian Wars. Include the causes, course, and consequences of these wars. Causes Course (what occurred during the war) Consequences (effects of the war) 11. Identify and explain the relationship between Alexander the Great and the spread of the Greek culture. (His role in the cultural diffusion of the Greeks) _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 12.What factors led to the rise and success of Alexander the Great? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 13.Choose a myth of classical Greece. Explain the significance of the myth and summarize its content. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 14.List five examples of ancient Greek gods, goddesses, heroes, and events and how they are present/represented in our modern life today. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 15. Infer the reasons why the city-states of Greece instituted a tradition of athletic competitions. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 16.Outline the kinds of sports that were featured in the Greek athletic competitions. Wrestling, running, jumping, javelin, discus throwing, and events using horses 17.Compare the Greek alphabet to alphabets developed earlier in history. What kinds of improvements did the Greeks make? The Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet and improved it by adding vowels. The shapes of the letters also changed and are more similar to today’s English alphabet 18.Describe the purposes and functions of the: Lyceum _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Gymnasium _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Library of Alexandria _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 19. Explain the importance of the following Greek buildings and/or complexes. Parthenon Pericles commissioned the building of the Parthenon in the acropolis at Athens. This was a temple of Athena (god of Athens) and was considered her earthly home. There were many statues honoring her inside, but many were taken and are now in museums in Great Britain. This is a prime example of Greek architecture (golden rectangle, columns, and lifelike sculptures) The Acropolis This is the Greek work meaning “high city” it was a fortified city to keep out invaders. This was the central meeting place for all Greeks. This allowed Athenians to meet and discuss politics and philosophy. Temple of Apollo Greeks would go to the Temple of Apollo to consult the oracle regarding plans of expansion or how to solve certain problems. The oracle would receive messages from the god Apollo and then tell the Greek the message. The oracle would often speak in an undecipherable way, so they priests would interpret. This allowed the priests at Delphi (the location of the temple) to know everything going on in the Greek Empire. 20. Explain the major accomplishments of the ancient Greeks. 700 BCE – 640 BCE Homer From Asia Minor A poet who recited his long story poems or epics. Known for writing the Iliad (about the war between the Greeks and the Trojans) and the Odyssey (the adventures of the Greek hero Odysseus). It is believed that he was blind. 636 BCE546 BCE Thales from Miletus Greek philosopher who is considered the first Western philosopher and a founder of geometry and abstract astronomy (predicted an eclipse in 582 BCE). He argued that all matter was fundamentally made up of water. He was the first to use science to explain the workings of nature rather than myths. 580 BCE500 BCE Pythagoras from Samos A philosopher, mathematician and teacher. Developed many theories of geometry. Pythagorean Theorem (a2 + b2 = c2) Founded a community of followers in S Italy, used math to explain nature, taught his students from behind a curtain 525 BCE455 BCE Aeschylus from Athens The founder of Greek tragedy. He wrote roughly 60 plays. Only 7 of them survived (The Persians, Seven Against Thebes) He is considered the first Greek dramatist to use more than one actor, de-emphasize the chorus and use elaborate props and costumes for dramatic effect. Despite his success as a playwright, in his later years he fell out of favor with Athenians and died in exile in Sicily. 497 BCE – 405 BCE Sophocles from Athens An Athenian playwright who wrote over 100 works for the theatre. Only 7 of his tragedies survived (Oedipus the King). He held important posts as a treasurer, commander, and adviser. He competed in dramatic festivals, where he defeated Aeschylus to win his first victory in 468 BC. 484 BCE420 BCE Herodotus from Asia Minor A writer, the father of history, the first to approach the reporting of history in a logical and skeptical way; he separated true events from myth and identified his sources. The Histories, remains a widely-read account of the Persian invasion of ancient Greece. (It's the main source for details on the famous battles at Marathon and Thermopylae.) 480 BCE406 BCE Euripides from Athens Greek dramatist (playwrite) who ranks with Sophocles and Aeschylus as the greatest classical tragedians. He wrote more than 90 tragedies, although only 18, including Medea, Hippolytus, and The Trojan Women, survive in complete form. 470 BCE399 BCE Socrates from Athens An Athenian philosopher who taught his students by questions (Socratic Method) and encouraged them to discuss weaknesses in the government and people’s beliefs. At age 70 he was charged with heresy and corruption of local youth. Convicted, he carried out the death sentence by drinking hemlock, becoming one of history's earliest martyrs of conscience. Socrates’ most famous pupil was Plato, who in turn instructed the philosopher Aristotle. 460 BCE- Hippocrates A doctor, teacher and writer, considered the father of medicine 360 BCE from Cos rejected superstition in favor of scientific observation, classified diseases, and created a set of moral and professional standards for physicians, created the Hippocratic Oath, a code of ethics for physicians which is still taken by graduates at many modern medical schools. 454 BCE400 BCE Thucydides from Athens Greatest of ancient Greek historians who commanded a fleet in the Peloponnesian War, He failed to prevent the capture of the important city of Amphipolis and consequently was exiled for 20 years. During that period he wrote his History of the Peloponnesian War; but he did not live to complete it. 448 BCE380 BCE Aristophanes from Aegina A playwright who wrote comedies making fun of the political situations of his day (satires). He wrote 54 comedies, but only 11 survive today. The Clouds, The Wasps, The Frogs. 429 BCE347 BCE Plato from Athens A philosopher who’s ideas for running a state are still seen today. A follower of Socrates. Founded the Academy in his native Athens in 387 B.C.; it became a famous hotbed of philosophical and scientific discussion, the first known university in the world. Also wrote The Republic, in which Plato lays out his ideas on the perfect state, a utopian society run by philosopher-kings. 384 BCE322 BCE Aristotle from Stagira A philosopher, scientist and writer. One of the "big three" in ancient Greek philosophy, along with Plato and Socrates. (Socrates taught Plato, who in turn instructed Aristotle.) He spent nearly 20 years at Plato's Academy, first as a student and then as a teacher. After Plato's death he traveled and educated Alexander the Great. Later Aristotle began his own school in Athens, known as the Lyceum. He is known for his carefully detailed observations about nature and the physical world, which laid the groundwork for the modern study of biology. 356 BCE323 BCE Alexander the Great from Macedonia King of Macedonia (336–323) and conquerer of Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, and Persia. His reign marked the beginning of the Hellenistic Age. Began his military expansion at 18 and died suddenly at 33. He was the closest in conquering the world. 325 BCE265 BCE Euclid from Alexandria He taught geometry in Hellenistic Egypt, at Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I, between 305 and 285 B.C. He is credited with the thirteen volumes of Elements, a work of mathematical knowledge organizing it into system of proofs. Euclidean geometry was the geometry until the 19th century, when mathematicians began to challenge Euclid's assumptions about parallel lines when considering measurements over very large distances of, say, billions of light years.