Download Ecology BookWork Review Packet

Ecology Packet
AP Biology
Mrs. Willis
Name __________________________
Block ______
Read the Textbook for each of the following chapters and complete the assignments.
Chapter 51 – Animal Behavior
Define the following terms:
Ethology
Agonistic Behavior
Imprinting
Migration
Game theory
Habituation
Behavioral Ecology
Courtship
Altruism
Dominance Hierarchy
Fixed Action Pattern
Behavior
Kin Selection
Pheromone
Inclusive Fitness
Learning
Cognition
Short Answer:
1. What two factors impact an animal’s behavior?
2. Define and explain the cost vs. benefit of foraging. What factors are involved in the optimal foraging model?
3. Explain and give examples of Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning.
4. How does #3 differ from fixed action pattern?
5. Compare kinesis and taxis.
6. What is Hamilton’s Rule? What does the “r” refer to? What is kin selection?
Chapter 52 – Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Define the following terms:
Ecology
Community
Permafrost
Phytoplankton
Abiotic Factors
Community Ecology
Biogeography
Climate
Biotic Factors
Population
Biosphere
Biome
Estuary
Photoperiod
Vertical Layering (Stratification)
Short Answer:
1. Give examples of biotic and abiotic factors.
2. What are the levels of organization ecologically speaking? Individual  population….
3. Explain the tens rule.
4. Which abiotic factor has the strongest influence on the metabolism of organisms?
5. What are the two major climatic factors determining the distribution of organisms?
6. Photic zone vs. aphotic zone and what does this affect? What kinds of organisms are found in the
photic zone?
7. Explain and give examples of wetlands.
8. Define the marine zones: intertidal, neritic, coral reef, oceanic, pelagic, benthic
9. Explain the following biomes:
**I have given you one fact about each to get you started:
a. Tropical forests – constant photoperiod and temperature
b. Savannas – tropical grasslands with scattered trees
c. Deserts – characterized by low and unpredictable precipitation
d. Chaparral – mild rainy winters, hot dry summers
e. Temperate Grasslands – maintained by fire, seasonal drought and grazing of large animals
f. Temperate Deciduous forests – evolved to deal with different photoperiods
g. Coniferous forests/ Taiga – short growing seasons
h. Tundra – northern-most area for plant growth
**Extra Facts:
- At the poles, temperature is the major factor and near the equator rain is the major factor
that differentiates biomes.
- All terrestrial biomes show vertical stratification
- Zooplankton eat phytoplankton
Chapter 53 – Population Ecology
Define the following terms:
Dispersion
Uniform distribution
Survivorship Curve
Clumping
Immigration
Ecological Footprint
Population
Emmigration
Intrinsic Rate of Increase
Carrying Capacity
Age Structure
Short Answer:
1. Explain how the mark-recapture method works to measure density.
2. What are the 3 types of survivorship curves?
3. Distinguish between semelparity reproduction and iteroparity reproduction.
4. How is Darwinian fitness measured?
5. What is a change in population size equal to (if you are ignoring emigration and immigration)
6. Explain J-shaped curves. What does this shape of curve suggest about population growth?
7. Without getting into the equations, what does the logistic population growth model take into
consideration?
8. What does N represent? What does K represent? When N approaches K, what happens to the
population?
9. K-selection vs. r-selection. Provide characteristics of K-selected populations and also r-selected
populations.
10. Density Dependent populations vs. Density Independent populations with respect to population
regulation.
11. What are some possible reasons for boom-and-bust cycles? (See hare and lynx example pg. 1200)
12. What is the projected human population by the year 2050?
**Extra Facts:
- All populations of the SAME species are EITHER r- or k- selected.
Chapter 54 – Community Ecology
Define the following terms:
Species Richness
Relative Abundance
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Dynamic Stability Hypothesis
Ecological Succession
Batesian Mimicry
Predation
Interspecific Competition
Trophic Structure
Keystone Species
Species-Area Curve
Müllerian mimicry
Mutualism
Ecological Niche
Energetic Hypothesis
Stability
Invasive Species
Short Answer:
1. Cryptic coloration vs. Aposematic coloration.
2. Food chains vs. Food Webs. Why are food chains short?
3. How much energy transfers from one trophic level to the next in a food chain?
Parasitism
Commensalism
Biomass
Disturbances
4. Explain how the structure of the community can be controlled from bottom-up (nutrients) or from
the top-down (predators). What does N, V, H, P stand for in the model?
5. Explain Primary Succession and Secondary Succession.
Chapter 55 – Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
Define the following terms:
Ecosystem
Bioremediation
Biological Augmentation
Primary Producers (autotroph) Biogeochemical cycles Trophic Efficiency
Primary Consumers (herbivore) Primary Production
Detritivores
Denitrification
Standing Crop
Secondary Consumers
Short Answer:
1. What are the TWO most important decomposers in most ecosystems?
2. What is the first law of thermodynamics? Second?
3. Net primary production vs. gross primary production.
4. In aquatic ecosystems, what two factors limit primary production?
5. In terrestrial ecosystems, what two factors limit primary production?
6. In production efficiency, most of the energy animals absorb is used for what?
7. What percentage of energy is transferred to higher trophic levels?
8. Pyramid of Net Production vs. Biomass Pyramid
9. Just READ the water, carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycles…don’t write anything down.
10. What makes decomposition rates vary in different ecosystems? Where is nutrient cycling fast?
Where is it slower?
Chapter 56 – Conservation Biology and Global Change
Define the following terms:
Biodiversity Hot Spot
Introduced species
Biophilia
Greenhouse Effect
Extinction Vortex
Endemic Species
Conservation Biology
Overharvesting
Acid Precipitation
Short Answer:
1. Endangered Species vs. Threatened Species
2. What are the 4 major threats to biodiversity? Describe each one.
3. What is sustainable development?
4. Explain Global Warming.
5. Which atmospheric gas is rising? When did it start to increase and what caused the increase?