Download Spacing Effect Semester Review Packet

End of Semester Spacing Effect Review (Chapters 1-9)
Research
1. Dr. Thompson is testing the effect of verbal reprimands on children’s misbehavior. One group of
children receive the verbal reprimand, while another group of children do not. Identify the:
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Control group
d. Experimental group
2. Name any three controls you could use to provide consistency in this experiment and briefly how
you would use them.
3. Identify each of the following potential biases that can affect the research process:
a. __________________________________ The misconception that more people share
your viewpoint than actually do.
b. __________________________________ The idea that being watched potentially
interferes with an individual or groups’ natural behavior.
c. __________________________________ Intentional or unintentional bias implemented
in the study by the researcher.
d. __________________________________ The tendency to assign human emotions or
incentives to animal behavior.
4. Measure of variability that tells you how far any given score lies from the mean.
5. Number that tells you how far a score lies from the mean by units of standard deviation.
6. The “I knew it all along” factor that creates inaccurate judgments.
7. Name the three major types of correlational studies.
8. A normal distribution of scores is referred to as a ____________ curve.
9. The more Twinkies Joey eats, the less there are in the box. (pos. or neg. correlation?)
10. If someone thinks a drug is working, when its only an inert sugar pill, we call this the
____________ effect.
11. List the four APA standards of ethics for research.
Neuroscience
12. Which neurotransmitter goes with the following descriptions?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Mood, depression:
Excitatory:
Inhibitory:
Muscle control, memory:
Pain, pleasure
Mood, arousal, (Bipolarism)
Perceptual awareness (Schizophrenia)
13. flight or fight response (system of arousal)
14. calms your back down…
15. neuron that relays impulses from the body to the brain
16. neuron that relays impulses from the brain to muscles and glands
17. neuron that relays impulses in the spine to the brain
18. Part of the body’s communication system through hormones secreted into bloodstream
19. tissue damage to the brain
20. Identify the following neuroimaging techniques:
a. Traces glucose in the brain (through blood flow)
b. Traces electrical waves in the brain
c. Reveals soft tissue
d. Soft tissue plus glucose levels
21. Match the following descriptions with the appropriate part of the brain:
a. Part of hindbrain- arousal and sleep:
b. Part of hindbrain- life functions of heartbeat and breathing
c. Part of hindbrain- balance and fine motor skills
d. Part of Limbic system: emotions of fear or aggression
e. Part of Limbic system: drives (and regulates Pituitary gland)
f.
Part of Limbic system: “master gland”
g. Part of Limbic system: processes memory
h. Part of forebrain: handles all complex reasoning (thin layer under skull)
i.
Name the four lobes and what each does
j.
Sensory switchboard for all senses except smell
k. Bridge of fibers that integrate hemispheres
l.
Hemisphere of spatial relationships, intuition, creativity, and facial recognition
m. Hemisphere of language, sequential thought and logic
n. Processes motor speech
o. Processes language comprehension
22. Language impairment is called…
Developmental Psych
23. Study comparing development between age groups over a relatively short period of time.
24. Study tracing the development of one age group over a more extensive period of time.
25. Name used for identical twins / 100% shared DNA
26. ____________ twins are fraternal twins = ~50 shared DNA
27. _____________: a fertilized egg (begins cell division)
28. Bouchard Minnesota Twin Study / Adoption Studies: Significant correlational studies that
suggest ___________ affect certain human traits such as personality
29. Type of study that investigates differences between individuals and to what extent those
differences are caused by genes: ________________
30. __________________ Emotional excitability (tends to remain stable over time…)
31. __________________ Psychology studies of how traits that enhance survival are passed down
over generations (encoded in DNA)
32. One’s sense of identity as influenced by being male or female
33. ______________________traditional behaviors, duties of genders
34. ____________________Expectation or assignment of traditional male, female roles in society
35. ______________ Complex molecule containing genes
36. _________________thread-like structure containing genes (23rd pair determine sex of offspring)
37. Segment of DNA that determines biological traits: __________________
38. Toxic substances that can pass through the placenta and harm the baby during fetal development.
39. Leading teratogen related developmental issue: results in mental retardation, poor motor
coordination or impaired attention etc.
40. _______________Biological, universal growth processes / orderly changes in behavior (sets the
basic course of development while environment adjusts it)
41. Newborn instincts: when touched on the cheek, infant will turn to feed in that direction:
42. Study used to study infants’ cognition (the newer the stimulus, the more attention paid)
43. Harlow’s Monkey Experiment: (Early attachment) ____________ is the critical factor for early
attachment and emotional security
44. _______________ Optimal period right after birth in which exposure, nurture creates proper
development
45. Form of attachment based on first experience (gosling, chick, duckling)
46. Mary Ainsworth: Secure / Insecure attachment
a. ___________________: comfortable in mother’s presence / Mother’s departure = initial
distress / Mother’s return = seek contact
b. ___________________: Cling to mother /Mother’s departure = extended distress or
indifference / Return = cling or indifference
c. ___________________: Indifferent to mother’s presence, departure, return
47. Parenting styles:
a. _____________parents: impose rules and expect obedience. (Strict- “Because I said so.”
b. _____________parents: Few demands, little punishment- (submit to child’s demands /
“Do your own thing.”)
c. _____________parents: Demanding and responsive (Enforce and explain / justify the
rules / Open discussion with teenagers / exceptions to rules…)
Stage Theories of Development
48. Piaget: Cognitive development (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Op. , Formal Op.)
a. Concept of mental framework: _____________
b. Object Permanence: (still there even if you can’t see it…!) (sensorimotor)
c. _______________: Incorporating new experiences into existing schema (Sensorimotor)
d. ______________: Adapting schemas to incorporate new information (Sesorimotor)
e. ______________:Can’t perceive things from others’ point of view (to age 3)
(Preoperational)
f. _______________(age 4)– Understand another’s perspective / infer other’s feelings
g. _______________“Quantity remains same despite changes in shape.” (Concrete
Operational)
49. Kohlberg: Moral development (Preconventional, Conventional, Post-conventional)
50. Erikson: Psychosocial development (8 stages- trust vs. mistrust, identity vs. role confusion,
generativity vs. stagnation)
Adolescence / Adulthood
51. ______________ sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
52. ______________ sex Characteristics: nonreproductive sexual characteristics (female--breast and
hips, male--voice quality and body hair)
53. ________________: first menstrual period
54. ________________:end of menstrual cycle
55. _________ intelligence: Speedy abstract reasoning / very gradual decline after 20’s
56. ____________ intelligence: Knowledge base / continues to expand through lifetime
57. Dementia = mental erosion (memory, processing etc.)
58. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross: List the 5 Stages of Grief:
Sensation
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
Study of how physical energy affects our psychological experience:
The conversion of physical energy into a neural impulse”
Minimum stimulus needed to detect that stimulus 50% of the time.
Minimum change in stimulus needed to detect that change 50% of the time.
Principle that JND stays at a constant proportion of change:
The more we are exposed to a stimulus, the less we notice it:
Stimuli below our absolute threshold:
Review each part of the eye and its specific role in vision
Aspect of the light wave that determines hue or color:
Aspect of the light wave that determines intensity or brightness:
Term used to describe how the lens changes shape to reflect images on the retina:
Term used to describe our detailed, colored vision:
Color theory that says receptor cells come in three colors: red, green and blue:
Color theory that explains well color deficiencies and afterimages:
Theory of how we combine visual characteristics like angle, shape and movement into one three
dimensional image:
Process by which our brain integrates different sensory signals into one perceptual experience:
Damage to hair cells in the basilar membrane causes ______________ hearing loss.
Where does transduction take place in the eye? The ear?
Review the parts of the ear and the role of each.
Our sense of taste is generated by _________________ receptors.
Our sense of smell is generated by ________________ receptors.
Sense of balance is called _________________ sense.
Position of body and location and movement of its parts is called _________________.
Perception
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
Type of processing in which perception is influenced by expectation and past experience:
We can only focus on one thing at a time:
Name three examples of inattention due to selective attention:
Our tendency to immediately perceive or group things as a whole is called:
List three examples of how perceptual organization with Gestalt.
Binocular cue where the brain calculates the difference of angle of vision of each eye to
determine depth perception:
88. Name three examples of monocular cues:
89. Face blindness is called:
States of Consciousness
90. Cite three types of biological rhythms and give an example for each.
91. What is a circadian rhythm? Provide two factors that can disrupt it.
92. Explain the human sleep cycle as it progresses through a normal night’s sleep.
93. Provide the stage of sleep associated with each description below:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Vivid dreams
Paradoxical sleep
Deep, restful sleep
Sleep spindles
Sleep walking, bedwetting
Night terrors
Genital arousal
h. alpha waves
i. delta waves
j. growth hormone released
k. transition to deep sleep
l. 50% of sleep cycle
m. sleep onset
n. restores immune system
94. Identify each sleep disorder with the description below:
a. sudden, random onset of deep sleep: ______________ (most dangerous…)
b. inability to fall asleep or return to sleep: ___________
c. cessation of breathing during sleep: ___________
d. active sleep stage of screaming, physical movement ___________ (mostly children)
e. sleepwalking _________________________
95. The theory that the body or mind needs REM sleep is supported by the principle of
_________________________ .
96. How does the Suprachiasmatic nucleus and melatonin affect one’s circadian rhythm?
97. Which theory argues that dreams are simply a biological characteristic of sleep that is common to
all mammals? (The cerebral cortex tries to rationalize into a story random electrical impulses.)
___________________
98. Which theory argues that dreams help us cope with and process issues we experience?
________________________
99. According to Freud, what are the two “contents” of our dreams and what does each represent?
Hypnosis: Provide the term associated with each description below.
100.
________________________: The suggestion that a specific condition will continue
after the hypnotic session has ended.
100._____________________: The theory that a split consciousness can be created during hypnosis
that is effective in treating acute pain.
101.
What is the social influence theory regarding hypnosis?
102.
_______________________________ : The idea or principle that those under hypnosis
maintain a certain level of control of their awareness and behavior.
Psychoactive Drugs
103.
Provide three examples for each classification of drug below and a key neurotransmitter
affected:
a. Depressant:
b. Stimulant:
c. Hallucinogen:
102. Provide any two specific examples of how neurotransmitters are affected by psychoactive drugs.
103.
Review the significance of each of the following:
a. Blood brain barrier
b. tolerance
c. withdraws d. psychological dependence
104.
Explain the role of the Dopamine reward center in relation to drug addiction. What
region of the brain becomes dominant during the course of addiction?
Learning
Classical Conditioning (= stimuli! Natural responses- applications: fears, phobias / addictions)
Ivan Pavlov (Identify each below using Pavlov’s experiment)
 US
 UR
 NS (neutral stimulus)
 CS
 CR
Explain each of the following in relation to Pavlov’s experiment:
 Acquisition
 Extinction
 Spontaneous Recovery
 Generalization / Discrimination
 Second order (higher order conditioning)
John Watson
 Aversive conditioning / Baby Albert (What type of stimulus? Implications?)
Garcia and Koelling experiment: animals/humans biologically wired to make certain associations easier
than others (ex. Food / sickness, or nausea)
Operant Conditioning (Consequences!)
Thorndike: pioneer- Law of Effect (effects of positive, negative reinforcement on behavior)
Skinner (Skinner Box)
 ____________________ Consequence that encourages behavior
 ____________________ Consequence that discourages behavior
 ____________________: adds something pleasant to encourage behavior
 ____________________: Removes something unpleasant to encourage behavior
 ____________________:Adds something negative to discourage behavior
 ____________________Removes something pleasant to discourage behavior
 Classify each of the following with one of four above:
 Wearing a coat to avoid cold =__________ $25 for raking yard= _________
 Losing your license for speeding = ___________ Spanking child for a tantrum = ______
 Shaping: (provide example)
 Chaining( provide example
Primary reinforcers are natural reinforcers, like ____________ , ___________ , or ____________ .
Secondary reinforcers are things we learn to value like _______________ or ____________ .
Fixed ratio (FR) Fixed # of _____________ for reinforcement (quick learning, quick extinction)
Variable ratio (VR) Reinforcement after varied # of _______________ (slowest extinction)
Fixed Interval (FI) / Variable Interval (VI) are based on the amount of ________ that elapses before the
reinforcement is given.
Token Economy: Tokens as positive reinforcement that can be used as ______________ to exchange for
goods(schools, prisons, mental institutions)
_________________________ : ignore reinforcement, or learned behavior to follow natural, or
instinctive behavior
________________________: Preferred behavior can be used to reinforce unpreferred behavior (“eat
lima beans and you may be excused”)
Other forms of learning: escape vs. avoidance / Cognitive / Observant / Latent / Insight
__________________’s Bobo Doll experiment pioneered research on ____________ learning.
Memory (storing of information over time)
Encoding (placing info into memory)
Automatic vs. Effortful processing
Factors that influence encoding:
 _______________: we seldom remember what the previous person said if we are next…
 ________________: learning / memory is more effective when practice in increments over time





__________________: remember first and last, but forget the middle
Types of encoding
___________ encoding: encoding of meaning
___________ encoding: encoding of sound
___________ encoding: encoding of picture images
Encoding strategies (Define or give an example for each)
 Self-reference effect:
 Peg word:
 Chunking:
 Key word system:
 Loci:
Storage (retaining info)
_______________________________ This theory characterizes the memory process involving sensory
memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
_________________: visual “snap shot” of great detail- lasts only 1 second (sensory memory)
_________________: auditory memory (what you hear) lasts about 4 seconds (sensory memory)
Short term memory, also known as __________________ , has a general limit of ______ items plus or
minus two.
Long term memory
 _____________________: Leading theory on long-term memory that neural connections
gradually strengthen through rehearsal (repeated use)
 Flash-bulb memory: (Define)
 Types of Long-term memory
o ________________ (declarative: with conscience recall)
 ____________ = general knowledge / _____________ = experiences (life
events)
o ________________ (nondeclarative / unconscious / procedural memory)
 Skills (motor and cognitive / classical and operant conditioning
__________________ = Part of brain that processes and stores new memories
__________________ = emotional memory / also associated with the memory of smell
Retrieval (getting info out of memory)
 Priming effect: people remember better / faster to an item if similar item precedes it. (repetition
priming and semantic priming)
 ________________: remember better if in same context / location you experienced it
 Tip-of-the-tongue effect:
 ___________________: tendency to recall experiences consistent with current mood (good or
bad)
 State dependent theory: remembering events better when in same state of consciousness
Forgetting
 Interference theories
o ________________________: new information is messed up by the old information
o ________________________: old information is messed up by the new information
 Consolidation Failure: injuries, seizures etc.
 _______________ amnesia: Can’t remember new memories, or things since the accident
 _____________ amnesia: Can process new memories, but can’t remember old memories
 Ebbinghaus curve: (Explain)