Download Organic Compound Notes

PACKET 2: BIOCHEMISTRY (The Chemistry of Life)
Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.
 Bio.4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms.
 Bio.4.1.3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions
Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system.
 Bio.1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various
environments (including temperature and pH).
Vocabulary
 Organic compounds
o inorganic compounds
o monomer
o polymer
o dehydration synthesis
o hydrolysis
 Carbohydrates
o Monosaccharide/simple sugars
o glucose
o benedicts solution (test)
o polysaccharide/ complex
carbohydrates
o cellulose
o glycogen
o starch
o iodine (test)

Proteins
o amino acids
o polypeptide
o peptide bond
o insulin
o biuret’s (test)
o Enzymes
 substrate
 product
 active site
 activation energy

Lipids
o fatty acids
o glycerol
o triglycerides

Nucleic Acids
o DNA
o RNA
o nucleotides

pH
o
o
o
o
acid
base
neutral
buffer
Organization of Life:
_____________________* combine together to make 
_____________________* combine together to make 
_____________________ combine together to make 
_____________________ may combine together to make 
_____________________ may combine together to make 
_____________________ may combine together to make 
_____________________ may combine together to make
_____________________ may combine together to make 
______________________

From Simple to Complex: The Building Blocks of Life
____________________________Compounds –contain the element carbon and hydrogen.

____________________________Compounds – do not contain the carbon and hydrogen together*.
* Is carbon dioxide (CO2) organic or inorganic? ___________________________
 The four most abundant elements in living things are ___________________, __________________,
_________________ and _______________________ (HONC).
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1.

____________________________ – such as plants are able to make their own organic compounds
from inorganic compounds through photosynthesis (the chemical equation is seen below).
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Solar Energy 
6 CO2
+
6 H2O + Solar energy
__________
__________
Glucose

+
Oxygen
C6H12O6 +
6 O2
__________
__________
So today, almost all organic compounds are formed biotically (by __________________ things), then the
question became – how did the first organic compounds form?
Miller and Urey Experiment to answer how first organic compounds formed:
Step 2 _____________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
____________
Step 1 __________________
_____________________
_____________________
________
Step 3 _________________________
____________________________
Miller & Urey’s
experiment provides support for the idea that conditions on lifeless, ‘primordial’
____________________________
Earth could
have
________allowed the spontaneous formation of more complex (organic) molecules.
Since the conditions on earth are now very different, we do not see the same reactions occurring.
Important Terms to know:
 ____________________: A single compound or building block used to make a larger compound.
 __________________: Many monomers joined together to form a large compound
 ____________________________ ____________________________: The process of combining small
compounds to form large compounds and water molecules. (Also known as Condensation Reaction)
H+
OH-
+
H+
OH-
=
H+
OH-
+
H2O
 _________________________________: Breaking down a larger compound (polymers) into smaller pieces
(monomers)… Enzymes and water are needed to break the polymer down.
H+
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OH-
+ H2O
=
H+
OH-
+
H+
OH-
2.
4 Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates

Monomers - _____________________ Example: ______________

Polymers - ______________________
Lipids

Monomers - _______________________

Polymers - __________________________________
Examples: ______________________ - such as cholesterol that
makes hormones and parts of cells
Examples: ______________________ - in plant cell walls
______________________ - make up the cell membrane
_____________________ - how plants store extra carbs
____________________ - how animals store extra carbs

Functions ____________________________________________

Foods include: ________________________________________

Indicator test:

Functions _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Foods include: ________________________________________

Indicator test:______________________, Positive color is
Sugar - ____________________, Positive color is ____________
a ________________________
Starch - ___________________, Positive color is _____________
Proteins
 Monomers - _______________________

Polymers - ________________________

Functions / Examples –
________________________________ - absorb extra sugar from blood
_____________________________ - on red blood cells, carries oxygen
__________________________
Nucleic Acids

Monomers - _______________________

Polymers - __________________________________

Functions _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________
_________________________________ - help with chemical reactions

Foods include: ________________________________________

Indicator test: ____________________, Positive color is ____________
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3.
The Chemistry of Life…Organic Compounds
Complete the table by placing a check in the correct column for each description
Description
1.
Made up of nucleotides
2.
Most consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
3.
Quick source of energy
4.
DNA and RNA
5.
Contain peptide bonds
6.
Directs the production of proteins
7.
Commonly called fats and oils
8.
Subunits or building blocks are simple sugars
9.
Made up of amino acids
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic
Acids
10. Used for long-term energy storage, insulation & protective
coatings
11. Help carry out chemical reactions
12. Important parts of biological membranes (makes up most of the
membrane)
13. Transport substances in and out of cells
14. Store & transmit hereditary information
15. ____________________ is how plants store excess sugar and animals store excess sugar as
___________________ . Both are complex carbs.
16. This is a protein in red blood cells _______________________.
17. A protein that can change the rate of a reaction is an _____________________.
18. Triglyceride is lipid made up of a glycerol molecule and ________(#) _____________________________.
19. The monomers that make up nucleic acids are known as __________________________________.
20. The two basic kinds of nucleic acids are _______________________ and ______________________.
21. If you see a word end in –ose (Ex: glucose, sucrose) then think _________________. If the word ends in
–ase (Ex: cellulase, amylase) then think _______________________.
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4.
Organic Compound Concept Map
Organic
Compounds
1.
Must contain
Hydrogen
2.
And usually
contain
3.
4. Some also
contain
phosphorus
Consist of
10.
8.
12.
Carbohydrates
Are made
of
Can be
11.
6.
Stores genetic
information in
the form of
7.
Monosaccharides
Are linked
by
Such as
5.
Peptide
Bonds
Such as
Sucrose and
Lactose
Starch,
Cellulose &
Glycogen
13.
14.
Are made of
9.
Fatty Acids
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5.
Label the lines:
 Without enzyme
 With enzyme
Enzymes


A special type of ________________________
Function - to _____________________________ a chemical reaction by
How do you know?
_______________________ the energy needed to start the reaction
(__________________________________________)

Enzymes are _________________ since they only work on one type of
substrate.

Enzymes are ____________________ since they can be used over and over.

Enzymes are affected by _______________ and ______________________.
Their _________________ changes so they can no longer fit with the
substrate. When the shape changes an enzyme has been
___________________________.
Equation for a chemical reaction (_____________________________):
_________
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light

___________________
C6H12O6 +
6 O2
_________________
pH
___________________ help maintain homeostasis by
minimizing changes in ________. Most body systems
function optimally at a pH of near _______. As the pH
changes ___________________ may stop working,
nerve and muscle activity weakens, and finally all
chemical reactions are affected.
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6.