Download Biology Final Exam Review Sheet The following questions will help

Biology Final Exam Review Sheet
The following questions will help you to study for your final exam. There are 165 questions on your final
(and 150 review questions here). Your test roughly follows the order that chapters were presented in
class (with a few exceptions).
CHAPTER 11
1. Gregor Mendel used _____________ to study the inheritance of traits.
2. Offspring that result from crosses between parents with different traits are called_______.
3. When Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, what did the F1 plants inherit? If the F1
plants are allowed to reproduce, what will happen?
4. How do the principles of probability relate to the study of genetics?
5. How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant
whose genotype was RrYY?
6. If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that
is homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many different
phenotypes are their offspring expected to show?
7. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be ____________.
8. Gregor Mendel’s principles of genetics apply to ________________.
9. The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by what symbol.
10. If an organism’s diploid number is 12, then what is its haploid number?
11. How many alleles for each gene do gametes have?
12. Is there a difference in the number of chromosomes in a gamete (as opposed to a regular cell)
and if so, how is it different?
13. Gametes are produced by what process?
14. Why are the offspring of the same two parents genetically different?
15. Mitosis results in the formation of diploid cells and meiosis results in the formation of ________
cells.
16. What is the principle of dominance?
17. How does a Punnett square work?
18. If two genes are on the same chromosome and rarely assort independently, how close to each
other are they likely to be?
19. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that
gene are called _____.
CHAPTER 12
20. Know the structure of a DNA molecule and a nucleotide and how they are different.
21. After DNA replication, how are the two resulting DNA molecules the same/different?
22. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with what
bases?
23. What are histones, nucleosomes and chromosomes and how are they related to DNA?
24. RNA contains what type of sugar?
25. What are the four nitrogen bases in RNA?
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How are RNA and DNA similar?
What are the types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?
What is produced during transcription?
How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids?
During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on
the _________ on the mRNA and the __________ on the tRNA to which the amino acid is
attached.
Genes contain instructions for assembling __________.
Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code?
What do genes code for?
What are three types of mutations that can occur during replication?
What is a frameshift mutation?
What is the special area on a chromosome where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription?
In E. coli, the lac operon is a group of genes that codes for enzymes that are responsible for the
breakdown of__________?
How does a lac repressor turn off the lac genes?
What are the three regulatory sites on eukaryotic chromosomes that enhance transcription or
may determine whether a gene is expressed?
How are eukaryotic genes and prokaryotic genes generally different?
How does gene regulation in eukaryotes usually work?
Why do specialized cells regulate the expression of genes?
What type of genes determine an animal’s basic body plan?
Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon?
CHAPTER 14
What is a karyotype? How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype?
What are the sex chromosomes in a male?
Human females produce egg cells that have how many and which sex chromosome?
What can be used to show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next and determine
whether an allele is dominant or recessive?
Why are people who are heterozygous for sickle cell disease generally healthy?
If a man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B produce an offspring, what might be
the offspring’s blood type?
The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called ____.
What symbols are used in a pedigree diagram and what do they stand for?
Are the following determined by single or multiple alleles: Rh blood group, ABO blood group,
PKU, Huntington’s disease
Which ABO blood type genotypes result in the same phenotypes?
Alleles found on the same chromosome are called ___ alleles and are sometimes inherited ____.
Most sex-linked genes are located on which sex chromosome?
Why is colorblindness more common in males than females?
Which chromosome forms a Barr body?
What combinations of sex chromosomes represent a female? A male?
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What is nondisjunction?
How do scientists test for alleles that cause human genetic disorders?
What is DNA fingerprinting and how does it work? Why does it work?
What is the Human Genome Project?
What nucleotides are found in DNA?
CHAPTER 35
What are the four basic types of tissue in the human body?
What is a group of similar cells that perform a single function called?
What’s the process by which organ systems maintain relatively constant internal conditions
called?
Which type of tissue lines your internal organs?
Which division(s) of the peripheral nervous system transmit(s) impulses from sense organs to
the central nervous system?
What’s the chemical that transmits nerve impulses across synapses called?
Which system of the body relays messages, process information and analyzes information?
Sensory receptors that are sensitive to chemicals are found in the_____________?
Which of the five senses contains two types of photoreceptors called rods and cones?
What is the function of the cerebrum?
The _____ sends impulses to the brain that enable it to determine body motion and position.
Which sense relies on the largest sense organ in the body?
When an action potential reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of ____.
Which type of drug affects the nervous system by slowing reflexes, impairing judgment and
disrupting coordination? What are some examples?
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are called _____.
CHAPTER 36
What provides support for the body, attachment sites for muscles, and protection of internal
organs?
What are the functions of bones in the human skeletal system?
If a bone is broken, which type of cells produces new bone tissue to heal the break?
What type of tissue connects bone to bone?
What type of tissue connects muscle to bones?
Which organ of the body provides protection from the external environment?
The elbow joint bends when which muscle contracts?
What are ball-and-socket joints, saddle joints, hinge joints, and pivot joints? What kind of
movement does each produce? What is an example of each?
What is the skeleton of an embryo mainly composed of?
What two layers make up skin?
What are the functions of the skin?
What makes up the integumentary system?
How many bones are found in an adult human skeleton?
95. What’s the spongy tissue inside of bones that makes blood cells?
96. In addition to myosin, what other protein is involved in skeletal muscle contraction?
97. What are the tube-like pockets of epidermal cells that extend into the dermis called?
CHAPTER 37
98. Which body system acts in a way similar to a transportation system?
99. What are three structures of the circulatory system?
100.
What is the direction of blood flow through the chambers of the heart and lungs?
101.
In the heart, the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood is prevented by what
structure?
102.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
103.
Which are the smallest of the blood vessels?
104.
What do the valves in the human circulatory system prevent?
105.
Which organ helps to regulate blood pressure?
106.
What is the difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressue?
107.
When the blood pressure is constantly too high, the condition is known as what?
108.
When an infection occurs, the number of what type of blood cells increases?
109.
What substance in the body is responsible for the transportation of nutrients, fighting
infections and regulating body temperature?
110.
What is the composition of blood plasma?
111.
How much blood does the human body contain?
112.
Which type of blood cells contain hemoglobin?
113.
The _____ system collects the fluid lost by the blood and returns it to the ____ system.
114.
What are the steps in blood clotting?
115.
Swollen lymph nodes might indicate a(n) _____.
116.
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
117.
What organs are elastic, surrounded by pleura, and located above the diaphragm?
118.
Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of the _______________.
119.
What organ of the body controls breathing?
120.
In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from ____ into the _____.
121.
Tobacco contains what harmful substances.
122.
What gas, found in cigarette smoke, blocks the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in
the blood?
CHAPTER 38
123.
The energy to perform actions, as well as the materials from which body cells and
tissues are made comes from_________.
124.
Substances that are needed by the body for growth, repair and maintenance are
called_____________.
125.
Inorganic nutrients that the body needs are called __________.
126.
What percentage of your diet (at a maximum) should come from fat? Saturated fat?
127.
The raw materials that the body needs for growth and repair come from __________.
128.
What’s the minimum amount of water you should drink every day?
129.
How is water lost from your body? What happens if you do not take in enough to
replace what you have lost?
130.
The trend of the Food Guide Pyramid is that the majority of the food in your diet should
be from which area of the pyramid?
131.
What “tube” carries food between the pharynx and the stomach?
132.
What are three things for digestion and protection that can be found in the stomach?
133.
What organ helps to neutralize acid in the small intestine?
134.
What enzyme found in saliva breaks chemical bonds between the sugar monomers in
starches?
135.
The stomach breaks down food into a soft, partially digested mixture called ____.
136.
Through which structure do wastes pass from the small intestine into the rectum?
137.
The function of the excretory system is to control homeostasis and _______________.
138.
What are the main organs of the excretory system?
139.
Which food group contains few valuable vitamins?
140.
Which gland fails to produce enough of its hormone in the disease diabetes mellitus?
141.
Dialysis performs the function of the ____________. How does dialysis work?
CHAPTER 39
142.
Which system of the body releases hormone into the bloodstream?
143.
What are some of the glands of the endocrine system?
144.
What is the role of testosterone in the body?
145.
When during the menstrual cycle does an egg have the best chance of being fertilized?
146.
How many ova do the ovaries usually produce between them each month?
147.
Which structure produce sperm?
148.
A one-celled fertilized egg is called a ____________.
149.
Where does fertilization usually occur?
150.
What is the function of the placenta?
Breakdown of Exam –
Chapter
11 – Introduction to Genetics
12 – DNA and RNA
14 – The Human Genome
35 – Nervous System
36 – Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
37 – Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
38 – Digestive and Excretory Systems
39 – Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
Number of
Questions
19
30
21
17
18
26
21
13
Total Genetics
Questions:
70
Total
Human Body
Questions:
95