* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download AP European History Study Guide: The
Survey
Document related concepts
Spanish Golden Age wikipedia , lookup
Northern Mannerism wikipedia , lookup
Art in early modern Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Waddesdon Bequest wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance philosophy wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance architecture wikipedia , lookup
French Renaissance literature wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance music wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance in Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance Revival architecture wikipedia , lookup
Italian Renaissance painting wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
AP European History Study Guide: The Renaissance College Board Overview (The content below is taken from the Course and Exam Description created by the College Board) The world view of European intellectuals shifted from one based on ecclesiastical and classical authority to one based primarily on inquiry and observation of the natural world Renaissance intellectuals and artists revived classical motifs in the fine arts and classical values in literature and education. Intellectuals – later called humanists – employed new methods of textual criticism based on a deep knowledge of Greek and Latin, and revived classical ideas that made human beings the measure of all things. Artists formulated new styles based on ancient models. The humanists remained Christians while promoting ancient philosophical ideas that challenged traditional Christian views. Artists and architects such as Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael glorified human potential and the human form in the visual arts, basing their art on classical models while using new techniques of painting and drawing, such as geometric perspective. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century accelerated the development and dissemination of these new attitudes, notably in Europe north of the Alps (the northern Renaissance). The unexpected encounter with the Western hemisphere [exploration] at the end of the 15th century further undermined knowledge derived from classical and biblical authorities. The explorations produced new knowledge of geography and the world’s peoples through direct observation, and this seemed to give credence to new approaches to knowledge more generally. Key Concepts The World view of European intellectuals shifted from one based on ecclesiastical and classical authority to one based primarily on inquiry and observation of the natural world. I. A revival of classical texts led to new methods of scholarship and new values in both society and religion. a. Italian Renaissance humanists promoted a revival in classical literature and created new philological approaches to ancient texts. Some Renaissance humanists furthered the values of secularism and individualism. b. Humanist revival of Greek and Roman texts, spread by the printing press challenged the institutional power of universities and the Roman catholic II. III. Church and shifted the focus of education away from the theology toward the study of the classical texts c. Admiration for Greek and Roman political institutions supported a revival of civic humanist culture in the Italian city-states and produced secular models for individual and political behavior. The invention of printing promoted the dissemination of new ideas. a. The invention of the printing press in the 1450s aided in spreading the Renaissance beyond Italy and encouraged the growth of vernacular literature, which would eventually contribute to the development of nation cultures. b. Protestant reformers would use the press to disseminate their ideas, which spurred religious reform and helped it to become widely established. The visual arts incorporated the new ideas of the Renaissance and were used to promote personal, political and religious goals. a. Princes and popes, concerned with enhancing their prestige, commissioned paintings and architectural works based on classical styles and often employing the newly invented technique of geometric perspective. b. A human-centered naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation was encouraged through the patronage of both princes and commercial elites. c. Mannerist and Baroque artists employed distortion, drama, and illusion in works commissioned by monarchies, city-states and the church for public buildings to promote their stature and power. Causes The decline of feudalism Growing wealth gained through increased trade and banking The weakening of the Church The revival of the Classics – the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome The Fall of Constantinople Main Ideas The development of Humanism (a philosophy or world view with an emphasis on the abilities, accomplishments and value of human beings and their place in the world) The growth of secularism The growth of liberal education Civic Humanism Materialism The idea of the universal man An emphasis on geometry, symmetry and order An emphasis on the individual and his talents, achievements and merits Patronage of the arts A continuation of the medieval social structure – including the subordination of women Terms Renaissance humanism secularism Humanists Christian Humanists Greco-Roman Classical Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance Italian City –States Indiviualism Perspective liberal arts Bourgeoisie/burghers civic humanism High Renaissance sfumato chiarrusco oligarchy balance of power Venacular People Michelangelo Raphael Filippo Brunelleschi Leonardo da Vinci Niccoló Machiavelli – The Prince Petrarch (pre-1450) Lorenzo Valla Marsilio Ficino Pico della Mirandola – Oration on the Dignity of Man Leonardo Bruni Leon Battista Alberti Jean Bodin Baldassare Castiglione – The Book of the Francesco Guicciardini Donato di Donatello Jan van Eyck Albrecht Dürer Pieter Bruegel the Elder Rembrandt Pope Julius II Medici Family Jacob Burckhardt Pico della Mirandola and Oration on the Dignity of Man Giotto Botticelli Johannes Gutenberg Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What are the characteristics of the Renaissance? How did we get the term “Renaissance”? Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? What were the social changes that characterized Renaissance life? What were alternations in the economic system, class structure and family life? What was education like? What was life like for women and children? Who were the Medicis? What was their role in the Renaissance? According to Castiglione, what are the basic attributes of the Renaissance courtier? How did the values of this courtier influence the development of a modern aristocratic class in Western Europe? What was a “city-state”? How was it like/unlike a country? What were Machiavelli’s theories of statecraft? How did his theories differ from the published works of political theorists before him? Define and describe Renaissance humanism. How did it reach into all branches of politics, learning and the arts? 10. What was different about Gutenberg’s printing press? 11. What impact did the invention of the printing press have on Europe? 12. What was a liberal education? What courses did it include? Why was it considered so important? 13. What was “civic humanism”? 14. List the basic beliefs of the Neo-Platonists. How did their beliefs differ from the civic humanists? 15. Describe the new artistic techniques were introduced during the Renaissance? 16. What characteristics differentiated Renaissance art from art of the Middle Ages? 17. Who were the major artists of the period? What are some works associated with each artist? 18. How did the philosophy and the art of the Renaissance reinforce each other? 19. How did the Renaissance change from the early Renaissance to the High Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance to the Northern Renaissance? 20. How was music changing during the Renaissance? 21. How did the status of the artist change during the Renaissance? 22. When did the Renaissance take place? The Early Renaissance? The High Renaissance? The Northern Renaissance? Which artists are associated with each period