Download Chapter 16 – The Endocrine System

Name: __________________________
Quiz Date: _____________
Test Date: _________________
Chapter 16 – The Endocrine System
Overview
• Overall goal of _________________________: maintain a stabile _______________________________
(___________________________)
• Endocrine glands are “___________________________”
• Endocrine glands secrete ___________________ which travel through the _______________ to a ________________
– A _____________________ must be present on ___________________
• ________________ of the endocrine system are present _________________________________________
• Most ____________ are regulated by the _______________________________
Endocrine vs Nervous System
• Both systems function to maintain _____________________________
• Main differences:
Feature
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Effector cells
Chemical messenger
Distance traveled by messenger
Regulatory effects
**Major Endocrine Glands – Figue 16-2**
Classification of Hormones
• Classified by Function
– _________________ hormones: target other ______________________________ and stimulate their
_____________________________________
– ___________ hormones: target ______________________________
– __________________ hormones: stimulate ______________________ in their target cell
• Classified by Chemical Structure (Fig 16-3)
– ____________________Hormones
• Derived from ______________________
• _____________ soluble; can pass through ______________________________
– ________________________ Hormones
• Synthesized from _________________________
• Proteins, Glycoproteins, peptides, amino acid derivatives (Fig 16-3)
How Hormones Work
• Hormones bind to ______________ on ____________________
– “____________________”
• Hormone-receptor interactions produce _____________________________________ within the target cell
– Ex:
•
•
•
•
Endocrine glands produce _________________________ molecules than necessary to bind at the ________________
– Excess hormones are ___________________________ or broken down by _______________________________
Synergism: combinations of hormones have a ________________________ on the target cell compared to a
____________________________________________
Permissiveness: a ______________________ of one hormone allows a second hormone to
__________________________________ on the target cell
Antagonism: _____ hormones produce _________________________
Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action
• Steroids are ___________ __________________ in blood
plasma (mostly ______)
• In ____________ steroids attach to __________________________
• Steroid reaches a ___________________  ___________________
from plasma protein  ______________________ into target cell
• In the nucleus a _____________________________________ is formed
• Hormone-receptor complexes in the nucleus trigger
__________________________________ (transcription & translation)
• Increase _________________ = increase _________________
(protein synthesis)
• Regulatory effects of hormones are __________________________
Mechanisms of Nonsteriod Hormone Action
• ____________________ hormones operate according to the _______________________________________
– Nonsteroid hormone is the “_____________________” and binds to a ________________ on the plasma
membrane of the target cell
– The “__________________” is relayed inside the cell to a “_______________________” which triggers the
appropriate ________________________
 Second Messenger Mechanism
1. Nonsteroid hormone (1st messenger) binds with receptor on
plasma membrane
2. Hormone-receptor complex activates a membrane protein
called the G protein
3. G protein activates guanosine triphosphate (GTP) which also
activates another membrane protein (adenyl cyclase)
4. Adenyl cyclase removes 2 phosphate groups from ATP
creating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
(second mesenger)
5. cAMP activates or inactivates protein kinases
6. Protein kinases activate specific intracellular enzymes
7. Enzymes influence specific cellular reactions
(target cell’s response to hormone)
***Summary***
• _________________ or ___________________ binds to plasma membrane receptor
• Triggers formation of ________________________________________
• 2nd messenger activates __________________________________________
• Target cell’s _________________________________ is produced
Another Second Messenger
• Some hormones produce effects in target cells by triggering
_______________________________________
– Hormone binds to receptor on plasma membrane
– Ca2+ channels open
– Ca2+ binds with _____________________
– Ca2+/Calmodulin complex acts as ____________________________
– _____________________ are activated/inactivated
– Target cell’s _________________________ is produced
Regulation of Hormone Secretion
 Hormone secretion is controlled by a _______________
_______________________
– Ex: parathyroid hormone (PTH) and blood
calcium levels (fig 16-10)
– Ex: insulin and blood glucose levels
Hyper vs Hyposecretion
• ________________________________________ of the endocrine glands cause secretion of _________________ or
______________________ hormone
• __________________________: production of too much hormone
• __________________________: production of too little hormone
– Results in ______________ target cell _________________
– Also caused by ____________________________________
Regulation of Target Cell Sensitivity
• Sensitivity of target cell depends on ___________________________________ it has for a ______________________
• Receptors are constantly being ____________________ and ____________________________ by the cell
• _______________________________: synthesis of new receptors ____ degeneration of old receptors
– ___________________ target cell sensitivity to that particular hormone
• _______________________________: synthesis of new receptors _____ degeneration of old receptors
– ___________________ target cell sensitivity
Pituitary Gland
• Also called the _____________________
• Located on _________________ surface of brain, _______________ to the _________________________
• “____________________” because functions are crucial to life
• Composed of two parts: ________________________________________________
Anterior Pituitary
• Hormones secreted from Anterior Pituitary:
– Growth Hormone
– Prolactin
– Trophic hormones
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Gonadotropic hormones
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Growth Hormone
• Growth Hormone (GH) – promotes ______________ by stimulating ___________________________
• Increased protein anabolism allows _____________________________
• Target cells:
– Promotes growth of __________________________
• GH has a __________________________ effect; ______________________ of _______________
– Hyperglycemic effect because GH stimulates ____________________________
– Interaction vital to maintaining __________________________________________ levels
Growth Hormone Abnormalities
• Hypersecretion
– Prior to ____________________ of the ______________________ hypersections of GH results in rapid skeletal
growth  ________________________
– After ______________________ of epiphyseal plates hypersecretion causes ____________________ to continue
to form new bone  _________________________
• ___________________________________; enlarged hands, feet, face, jaw; thickened skin
• Hyposecretion
– Results in _________________________ body growth  __________________________
– Treated with genetically engineered growth hormone
Prolactin (PRL)
• Also called ___________________________
• Initiates milk secretion (______________________)
• Target cells: _______________________________
• During pregnancy PRL promotes _______________________________
• At _______________ PRL stimulates _____________________________
Prolactin Abnormalities
• Hypersecretion:
– Lactation in ____________________ women
– _______________________ of menstrual cycle
– ____________________ in men
• Hyposecretion:
– ________________________ unless mother wishes to breasfeed
Trophic Hormones
• Review: a trophic hormone stimulate effects of ____________________________
• Trophic hormones released from anterior pituitary gland:
– Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
– Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
– Gonadotrophic hormones
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Promotes and maintains growth and development of _________________________
• Required for thyroid gland to _______________________ its hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the _________________ (outer portion) of the
__________________________________
• Required for adrenal cortex to ______________________ its hormone
Gonadotrophic hormones
• Target cells: ____________________ (testes & ovaries)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Females:
• Stimulates growth & development of an ___________ that is released each month during _______________
• Stimulate ________________ release from the _________________
– Males
• Stimulates development of ___________________ and maintains ________________ production in the
______________
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
– Females:
• Triggers ________________
• Promotes development of ____________________ which secretes _______________________________;
these hormones help maintain ____________________
– Males:
• Stimulates cells of the ___________ to synthesize and secrete _______________________
Control of Anterior Pituitary Secretion
• The hypothalamus releases chemical called ____________________________ which influence hormone secretion
from the anterior pituitary gland
• This regulatory mechanism is a ________________________________
Posterior Pituitary
• Hormones secreted from Posterior Pituitary:
– Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
– Oxytocin (OH)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
• Target cells: ___________________
• __________________ formation of large volumes of ______________________
• Antidiuresis
• Helps conserve __________________
• Example:
– Blood is hypertonic  change detected by osmoreceptors  ADH is released  water reabsorbed in kidneys and
returned to blood  blood osmolarity is decreased
ADH Abnormalities
• Hyposection
– Diabetes insipidus
– Increased ___________________ of dilute urine
– “high and dry”
– Na+ levels are ________________; ICF _____________________
• Hypersecretion
– Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
– Decreased urine output
– Fluid _______________; ________ Na+ levels
Oxytocin (OT)
• Target cells: __________________________________
• Operates on a _______________________________
• Stimulates uterine smooth muscle ___________________
– During childbirth stretching of receptors causes continued release of oxytocin until after delivery of the placenta
• _______________ of milk into ducts of the breast of ______________________
– When breastfeeding the _______________________ of the baby causes secretion of additional oxytocin
____________________________
– Breastfeeding also helps the uterus continue to contract back to ___________________ during the
_____________________ period
Pineal Body
• Regulates the body’s ___________________________
– Patterns of ____________________
– Sleeping
– Female ______________ cycle
– ___________________
• Secretes ________________
– Induces _____________
– Secretion is _____________________ by __________________
– Target cell in humans is ________________
Melatonin & Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Also know as “________________________”
• During _________________ days, melatonin secretion _____________________ causes a _____________________
in affected patients
• Treatment
– Exposure to _______________________________ to ___________________ melatonin secretion
Thyroid Gland
• The thyroid gland is composed of two _________________________ connected by an ______________________
• Located on the _______________________________________________ of the ________________, below the larynx
Thyroid Hormones
• Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (____)
– Most _______________ thyroid hormone
– Contains ________________ atoms
– May have effect on target cells, but mostly _______________________________ to T3
• Triodothyronine (T3)
– “___________________________________________”
– Contains ___________________atoms
• Both hormone bind to ______________________ once secreted into the bloodstream
• Function of both hormones:
– Regulate __________________________ of all cells
– Regulate ___________________________
– Regulate ____________________________________
• Target cells: “__________________” because thyroid hormones can potentially interact with all cells of the body
Hypersection of Thyroid Hormone
• Graves Disease
– __________________________________ (thyroid stimulating antibodies causes abnormal secretion)
– ______________________
– ______________________ basal metabolic rate
– Increased __________________________ rate
– ______________________________
Hyposecretion of Thyroid Hormone
• ______________________ – develops during the ____________________ due to hypothyroidism
– Low metabolic rate
– Retarded ________________________ development
– ________________________________ (possibly)
• Hypothyroidism later in life
– __________________________ metabolic rate
– Loss of _____________________________
– ______________________________
– Loss of hair
– _________________________ of the skin
– _______________________
Goiter
• Caused by _______________________ in the diet
• ________________ is needed to ________________________ thyroid hormone
• ____________________ causes _____________ in thyroid hormone ___________________________
• ______________________________________ loop informs _________________________ and
______________________________ to release _________________________________
• Lack of iodine causes ___________________________ of thyroid gland
Calcitonin
• The ___________ hormone secreted from the ____________________
• Target cells – ________________
• Function – regulates calcium levels in the blood by _________________________________
– _______________________ action of ____________________ (build bone) and _________________ action of
_________________________ (breakdown bone)
– ________________________ to ___________________________________
Parathyroid Glands
• Parathyroid glands are embedded in the ________________________________ of the ________________________
• Usually __________ parathyroid glands
Parathyroid Hormone
• Secreted from ____________________________
• Target cells: ___________________________
• Action: maintains ___________________________
– Increases _____________________ activity; decrease _____________________ activity
– Calcium ______________________________ and returned to the bloodstream
– Activates ____________________ in the kidneys which increases ______________________________ of calcium
•
Parathyroid hormone is an _______________________ to _________________________
Adrenal Glands
• Located on top of both of the ______________________
• Composed of two parts:
– Outer portion  ______________________
– Inner portion  ______________________
• Both parts of the adrenal glands are structurally and functionally different; often treated as _______________________
Adrenal Cortex
• Composed of three distinct layers or zones
– Outer zone  secrete ___________________________
– Middle zone  secrete _______________________________
– Inner zone  secrete _________________________ and ____________________________
Mineralocorticoids
• Mineralocorticoids – regulate _____________________ in the body
• In humans the most important mineralcorticoid is _______________________
• Target cell – ___________________
• Function – maintaining __________________________ in the blood
– In the kidneys, ________________________ are ____________________ from the __________ back to the blood
– Sodium ions are exchanged for _______________________________________
– Aldoesterone also promotes ______________________ because re-absorption of sodium ions also causes water
to be reabsorbed
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion
• Aldosterone secretion is controlled by the
__________________________________________
• This mechanism is a _____________________________________
that helps maintain homeostasis of __________________________
– Blood pressure drops in the kidneys  renin
(an enzyme) is secreted
– Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
– Angiotensin I travels to the lungs where enzymes
split the molecule forming angiotensin II
– Angiotensin II travels to the kidneys where it simulates
the secretion of aldosterone
– Aldosterone causes reabsorption of sodium ions  followed
by water reabsorption  increase in blood pressure
Glucocorticoids
• Main glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex is ___________________ (also hydrocortisone)
• Target cells – _________________; affect every cell in the body
• Functions of Cortisol
– Accelerate ________________________ into ____________________
– Amino acids travel to liver and are converted to glucose (______________________________)
– Increased glucocorticoids (cortisol)  increased breakdown of proteins in tissue (tissue wasting) 
________________________________
– Shift cells from ___________________________________ to __________________________ for energy sources
– Further causes ________________________
– Help maintain blood pressure
–
– ____________________________ relationship with epinephrine and norepinephrine
– Epi and NE cause ___________________________ of blood vessels
Suppression of _________________________ responses
Glucocorticoid Hypersecretion
• _____________________________
– Too much ___________________ is being secreted
– Causes:
• Could be caused by hypersecretion of __________________ from adrenal pituitary (tumor)
• Cirrhosis of liver or liver failure  can’t breakdown hormones
– Signs/Symptoms:
• Abnormal hair growth
• buffalo hump
• muscle wasting
• skin breakdown (thin skin)
• striae across abdomen and thighs
• truncal obesity
• Susceptible to infection
Adrenal Insufficiency
• Hyposecretion of mineralcorticoids & glucocorticoids  ______________________________
• Signs/Symptoms:
– Drop in blood sodium
– Hypoglycemia
– Increase in blood potassium
– Dehydration
– Weight loss
Adrenal Medulla
• Secretes non-hormones in the ___________________________ class
– ________________________________________
– Bind to sympathetic effectors and enhance the effects of the “________________________” response of the
_____________________________________
Pancreas
• Located in the ________________
• Contains both __________________________________ tissue
• Endocrine portion is made up of tiny islands of cells called ___________________________ (also islets of Langerhans)
• ____________ cells secrete ____________________
• ____________ cells secrete __________________
Pancreatic Hormones
• Glucagon
– _____________________ blood glucose levels
• Converts _______________________________ in liver cells
• Stimulates _________________________________
– Target cells  __________________
• Insulin
– __________________________ blood glucose levels
• Promotes movement of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids ___________________
• Promotes ________________________ of these molecules once by cells
•
– Target cells  ____________________ (all cells)
Glucagon and Insulin produce ___________________________ effects (fig 16-27, page 512)
Diabetes
• Results from either:
1) inadequate or _____________________ of insulin production
2) _______________________________ – decreased insulin receptors results in decreased effectiveness of glucose
uptake
Diabetes – Signs & Symptoms
• Hyperglycemia – ______________________ amounts of glucose in the blood
– Results glucose not entering the cells properly
• ______________________ – glucose present in the urine
– Elevated glucose levels in the blood exceeds kidney’s abilities to reabsorb glucose; glucose “spills over” into the
urine
• _____________________ – increased urine production
– Water follows glucose lost in urine
• _________________________– excessive thirst
– Polyuria causes dehydration
• ___________________________ – excessive and continuous hunger
– Although blood sugar is high cells are “starving” because cells cannot uptake glucose
**3 P’s = polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia**
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
• Diabetics are unable to utilize glucose for energy – cells must use ____________________________
• Large quantities of fat metabolism results in build up of __________________________ called ___________________
• Signs/Symptoms
– Acidosis, Abdominal pain, Nausea/vomiting, Fruity breath, Decreased LOC, Coma, death
Type 1 Diabetes
• Absolute _____________________ of insulin production
• Cause of beta cell destruction is _______________________
• Requires ____________________________ or an ________________________
Type 2 Diabetes
• Previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) or adult onset diabetes
• Beta cell produce ____________________________ of insulin
• Loss of insulin receptors on target cells leads to _______________________________
• Treated with insulin injections, oral diabetic medication and ______________________________
Complications of Diabetes
Untreated or poorly controlled diabetes can lead to many complications that affect almost
_________________________________________
• ______________________________________ – build up of fatty materials in the blood vessls
– Lead to heart attack, stroke, reduced circulation
• __________________________________ – can lead to blindless
• ________________________ – nerve damage
– Amputations
• _________________________ - May require ____________________
Gonads – Testes & Ovaries
Testes:
• Composed mainly of coils of ______________________________ & ____________________________
• Interstitial cells secrete ______________________
• Target cells – ______________________
• Function:
– Growth & maintenance of ______________________________________
– __________________ production
• Testosterone secretion is regulated by the ____________________  ____________________________ (LH)
Ovaries:
• Estrogen
– Secreted by __________ of the __________________________
– Target cells: ____________________
– Functions:
• Promote development & maintenance of _______________________________
• Breast development
• Regulation of ____________________________
• Progesterone (“____________________________________”)
– Secreted by ____________________________
– Target cells: _________________________
– Functions (with estrogen):
• Maintains the _________________________________ to maintain a pregnancy
**Remember Estrogen & Progresterone secretion is regulated by ________ and ______ (gonadotropic hormones)**
Placenta
• Tissue that forms along the ____________________________
• Serves as the connection between the __________________________ of the ______________ and developing
_____________
• Secretes _______________________________________ (hCG)
• Target cells: ___________________
• Function:
– Stimulates hormone (___________________________________________) secretion from the __________
– High levels of estrogen & progesterone help ________________________________ for pregnancy
• hCG is _________ during the ______________________
• A high hCG level is used to _______________________________________