Download Energy Rich, Coal is plentiful in US, Easy to transport

Name:
CSAP REVIEW: Standard 4
Period:
By Faith Hurst for Silver Hills Middle School
Date:
Standard 4: Earth and Space Science: Students know and understand the processes and
interaction of Earths’ systems and the structure and dynamics of Earth and other objects
in space. (Focus: Geology, Metrology, Astronomy, Oceanography)
4.1.a
Understand
the three types
of rocks
(igneous,
sedimentary,
metamorphic)
and the
processes that
formed them
through the
rock cycle.
4.1.b
Understand
the
composition
and
relationships
of rocks,
minerals, and
soil formation
Igneous Rock
A rock that forms from the
cooling of molten rock at or
below the surface of the Earth.
Draw the Rock Cycle (page 115)
Sedimentary Rock
A type of rock that forms when
particles from other rocks or
the remains of plants and
animals are pressed and
cemented together.
Metamorphic Rock
A type of rock that forms from
an existing rock that is changed
by heat, pressure, or chemical
reactions.
Describe/Define the following: Rocks p94:
Rocks form mountains, hills, valleys, beaches, and ocean floor. Geologists observe rock’s
mineral composition, color, and texture.
Minerals (include 5 characteristics p66, and how they are identified p68):
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has crystal structure and definite
chemical composition.
5 Characteristics: Naturally occurring, inorganic (comes from plants or animals), solid,
crystal structure, definite chemical composition.
Identified: color, streak, luster, density, hardness, crystal system, cleavage and fracture.
Soil Formation p250:
Soil forms as rock is broken down by weathering and mixes with other materials on the
surface.
Soil is constantly being formed wherever bedrock is exposed.
4.2.a & 4.2.b
renewable and
nonrenewable
energy
(p 354-378)
Description/
Example
Renewable Energy Source
Renewable: always available or
naturally replaced in a short time
Nonrenewable Energy Source
Nonrenewable: cannot be replaced in a
useful amount of time
Solar energy, Wind Energy,
Water/Hydropower, biomass
Does note cause pollution
Will not run out
Fossil Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural gas
Nuclear energy from Uranium
Disadvantage(s)
Difficult to harness energy.
Expensive to drill for biomass energy.
Coal mining is dangerous. Finding oil
can be difficult. Gas leaks can cause
explosions. Fossil fuels cause pollution.
Sustainability
(how long it can
last)
Renewable sources will always be
replaced
Fossil fuels take hundreds of
millions of years to form.
Advantage(s)
Energy Rich,
Coal is plentiful in U.S.,
Easy to transport
4.3.a Explain
why Earth’s
surface is
always
building up in
some places
and wearing
down in
others (types
of erosion,
types of
deposition)
4.4.a
Understand
plate
boundaries,
their
movements,
and the
resulting
geologic
events
103, 267
Definition
Erosion
Destructive forces that break up and
wear away rocks on Earth’s surface.
Deposition
The process by which sediment settles
out of water or wind carrying it
Examples
Heat and cold, rain, waves, grinding
ice
Moving water, wind or ice carry rock
fragments
How/where
does it build
up Earth’s
Surface?
How/where
does it wear
down Earth’s
surface?
152-153
(Pages 310313)
Rocks on the earths surface are
broken down and carried away by
erosion
Divergent Boundaries
Definition Two plates move apart or
diverge
Convergent
Boundaries
Two plates come
together or converges
Transform Boundaries
Mountains, Trench,
Volcanoes
Earthquakes
Two plates slip past
each other
Drawing
Geologic
formation
that occurs
at plate
boundary
4.5.a Describe
methods of
fossil
formation
Deposition deposits rocks on the
bottom of a lake or the ocean.
Builds up valleys with sediment.
Rift Valley
Mid-ocean ridge
Mold and Cast Fossils: Mold is a hollow area in sediment in the
shape of an organism or part of an organism. Mold forms when the
hard part of the organism, such as a shell is buried in sediment.
If a mold is filled with sediment, it becomes a cast.
Petrified Fossils: Minerals replace or fill the cells of an organism.
Such as petrified wood
Carbon Films: Sediment buried an organism, some of the organism
evaporate, but leave behind carbon that was in the organism
Trace Fossils: Footprint of an organism becomes hardened.
Preserved Remains: Organisms is preserved, such as frozen in ice or
stuck in amber (tree sap).
Drawing of fossil:
4.6.a Interpret
rock layers,
including
position
(concept of
superpositioning),
composition
and fossil
content to
determine
past condition
(p318-320):
4.6.b Predict
the change in
rock layer
sequence due
to folding,
breaking, and
uplifting
Law of Superposition: in horizontal sedimentary rock layers, rock layers that are the
oldest are at the bottom, each higher layer is younger than the layers below it.
Clues from Igneous Rock: igneous rocks come from when
magma or lava hardens. Lava that hardens on the surface s an
extrusion. Sometimes magma pushes into rocks from below this
is called an intrusion. The intrusion is younger than the rocks
around it.
Clues from Faults: A fault is a break in the crust of the Earth. A
fault is always younger than the rock it cuts through.
Index Fossils:
Index fossils tell us the relative ages of the rock layers where the
fossil is found
Folding: over millions of year mountains may form, placing some rock layers higher or
lower than they used to be.
Breaking:
Uplifting: forms plateaus, rock layers rise higher than other layers.
4.7.a Identify
all of the
layers of the
atmosphere,
their order
and the
properties and
individual
characteristics
that define
them.
Copy the diagram from page 523, include any other facts you want.
(p 522-527)
4.8.a Explain
that the Sun
heats Earth via
radiation that in
turn heats the
atmosphere via
conduction and
convection
(p 132-135)
Definition and Example of
Radiation
Transfer of energy through
space
Example: is sunlight
traveling through space to
Earth
Definition and Example of
Conduction
Heat transfer within a
material or between
material that are touching
Example: A spoon getting
hot if it is in hot soup
Definition and Example of
Convection
Heat transfer by the
movement of fluids – liquids
and gases.
Example: when you heat
water, the particles move
faster and cause other water
particle to move
faster.
4.11.a Explain
the processes
and
relationships
that connect
elements (all
water sources)
of the water
cycle.
Draw the water cycle.
Include: ocean, glaciers,
rivers, groundwater,
and atmosphere (p392-395)
4.12.a
understand
the
composition
and physical
characteristics
of oceans
(temperature,
salinity,
wavelength,
ocean floor)
Temperature of Ocean (p 449-451):
Surface temperature is 25 degrees Celsius. Temperatures drop as you go deeper.
Salinity (how much salt) in Ocean (p 449-451):
One kilogram of ocean has 35 grams of salt that is 35 parts per thousand.
What causes Waves and what are Wavelengths of Ocean waves (p435-436):
Most waves form when winds blow across the water’s surface and transfer energy into
the water.
A wavelength is the distance between the crests of two waves.
Ocean Floor (p474-475) What are the parts of the ocean floor?
The ocean floor has the continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain, and midocean ridge.
4.13.a
Describe the
parts (planets,
Sun, moons,
asteroids,
comets) of the
Solar System
and their
motions
Description
Planets
Inner Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth,
(p712-727)
Mars
Gas Giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Sun
(p706-710)
4.13.b
Compare and
contrast
characteristics
of the Sun,
Moon, and
Earth
How do they move in the solar
system (what do they orbit?)
Planets orbit the sun
Moons
Neptune,
(Pluto)
Earth is unique because it has water
The sun has a core, radiation zone, and
convection zone. There is nuclear
fusion. There are sunspots and solar
flares.
Some planets have moons.
(p704)
Asteroids
(p730-732)
Comets
(p730-732)
All planets orbit the sun
Moons orbit the planet. Earth’s
moon orbits Earth.
Most are in the asteroid belt.
Rocky objects
Most revolve around the sun
between Mars and Jupiter
Loose collections of ice, dust, and small
rocky particles. Have a tail
Orbits are long with narrow
ellipses
4.13.c Examine
and explain the
scientific
theories on the
formation of our
Solar System,
Earth, and Moon
What does the Big Bang theory say? p774-775
4.14.a
Understand how
the location of
the Moon affects
the phases of the
Moon, eclipses,
and the tides.
Phases of the moon
Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
Tides
How many days is
the moon phase?
29.5 days
When does a solar eclipse
occur? When the moon
passes directly between
the Earth and sun,
blocking sunlight from
Earth
When does a lunar eclipse
occur? Earth blocks
sunlight from reaching the
moon.
Picture:
Picture:
What causes tides?
Tides are caused by
differences in how
much the moon’s
gravity pulls on
different parts of the
Earth.
(p670-677):
According to the big bang, the universe formed in instant, billions of years ago, in an enormous
explosion.
Why does the moon
look darker or
lighter during the
phases? The moon
revolves around the
Earth, this changes
the amount of
sunlight the moon
gets.
4.14.b
Understand how
the tilt and
motions of Earth
results in days,
years, and
seasons.
What causes a day? p661
What causes a year? p661
What causes seasons? P662
The Earth’s rotation causes day
and night. This is the spinning
of the Earth on its own axis.
The Earth’s revolution causes a
year. This is the Earth’s orbit
around the sun.
The axis of the Earth is titled at
23.5°
4.15.a Describe
components of the
universe in terms
of galaxies, stars,
and solar systems.
Define the following:
14. 16.a
Understand the
technologies
needed to explore
space and
evaluate their
effectiveness and
challenges.
Solar System:
Galaxy: a huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.
Star:
List the following in order of smallest to largest: Galaxy, Star, Solar System star, solar system, galaxy
List three pieces of technology that scientists need to study space.
Telescope, satellite, rocket, spaceship, lunar landing