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Biology 393 Midterm Review Exam Date: Tuesday, February 1st 7:45 am-9:15 am Chapter 1, 3, 36, 7, 8, 38, & 9 Format: The test will consist of multiple choice, true/false, matching, and identification questions. There will be information that you will have to graph. What To Study: Study all notes, old quizzes, and old tests as the midterm will most likely come from them. For columns 1 & 2 you need to know exact vocabulary definitions Column 1 Universal Law Control group Theory Quantitative Qualitative SI Biology Cell Homeostasis Metabolism Reproduction Heredity Evolution Enzyme Atom Element Compound Molecule Ion Covalent Bond Ionic Bond Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle Selectively permeable Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Equilibrium Column 2 Concentration gradient Diffusion Osmosis Sodium-postassium pump Solutes Solution Active Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Reflex Membrane potential Resting potential Action potential Threshold Neurotransmitter Sensory receptor Nephron Urea Peristalsis Villus Digestion Autotroph Heterotroph Chlorophyll Chloroplast anaerobic aerobic For columns 3 & 4 you need to know function and be able to label on a diagram Column 3 Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosome Nucleus Vesicle Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondria Phospholipid bilayer receptor protein Cerebrum Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Corpus Collasum Pons Medulla Oblongata Brainstem Cerebellum Spinal cord Cell body Sensory receptor Column 4 Dendrite Axon Myelin sheath Synapse Neurotransmitter ATP Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reactions Light Independent Reactions Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Fermentation Make sure you know the diagram of a: Plant & Animal Cell Phospholipid Bilayer Neuron Brain Nephron Digestive Pathway Topics: Chapter 1 The scientific method – know the steps in order and what they mean 2 Types of Data- Quantitative and Qualitative The Parts of a Controlled Experiment – including variables Different types of graphs: Line graph, bar graph, circle/pie graph - must be able to graph a line graph Tools of the scientist – the SI system, know standard units Example: length- m The eight characteristics of life Chapter 3 Organization of matter Atomic structure- know subatomic particles location in the atom and charge Chemical bonding- Ionic and Covalent Chapter 36 Digestive System & Excretory System The digestive system includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several accessory structures, including the salivary glands, the pancreas (secretes several digestive enzymes into the small intestine), and the liver (secretes bile, a greenish fluid that breaks down fats). The function of the digestive system breaking down large food molecules into smaller nutrients. Two processes of digestion: mechanical and chemical 1. Mechanical: breaking food into smaller parts by ripping, churning (physical change) begins in the mouth 2. Chemical: enzymes break bonds of food molecules (chemical change) begins in the mouth Absorption of nutrients through villi (fingerlike projections) of small intestine into blood stream. Nutrients travel everywhere! Water is absorbed in large intestine Undigested material passes through rectum, and Leaves body through anus Excretion Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated The organs of the excretory system are the skin, the lungs, liver, and the kidneys There are three main tubes that enter or leave the kidney: renal artery(enter), renal vein(leave), and ureter(leave) The kidneys play an important role in maintaining homeostasis. They regulate the water content of the blood and, therefore, blood volume; maintain blood pH; and remove waste products from the blood. Nephron- Functional units of the kidney, each nephron is a small, independent processing unit. Nephrons have different parts: Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Loop of Henle, Collecting duct The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel is called reabsorption Chapter 7 The scientists involved in the creation of the cell theory and what their contributions were Example: Robert Hooke The 3 parts of the cell theory Characteristics ALL cells have in common Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote – characteristics Organelles and their functions- cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, ER, lysosome, vacuole, golgi apparatus, ribosome, cell wall, etc. Chapter 8 Plasma membrane (cell membrane)pieces – phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates Types of Cell Proteins- Surface- Marker Proteins, Receptor Proteins, Enzymes, Transport Proteins Passive transport - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis Active transport – sodium- potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis Passive transport vs. Active transport Chapter 38 Central nervous system vs. Peripheral nervous system Parts of the brain and their jobs How a reflex is unique in the nervous system How a nerve impulse is created – resting and action potential How neighbor nerve cells communicate – synaptic transmission Sensory Receptors for the 5 senses Chapter 9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Distinguish between autotrophs (make their own food) and heterotrophs (eat autotrophs and other heterotrophs) and provide examples of each Identify the three main parts of ATP Adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphates Explain how energy is released from ATP: when the bonds between the phosphates break Distinguish among ATP, ADP, and AMP Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis Be familiar with the overall equation for photosynthesis Identify the main components of a chloroplast Given a diagram of a chloroplast, identify the thylakoid, stroma, and granum Identify where the light dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast: thylakoid membrane Identify the reactants and products of the light dependent reactions: Products ATP, NADPH, and oxygen Know that the light independent reactions is also called the Calvin cycle Identify where the light independent reactions take place in the chloroplast: stroma Identify the reactants and products of the light independent reactions: Produce High Energy sugars Identify 3 factors that affect photosynthesis and explain how they affect photosynthesis: amounts of water, temperature, and intensity of light The process of anaerobic respiration-When does it occur? Why? Difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation Glycolysis: reactants, products, location in organism Alcoholic Fermentation by yeasts: reactants, products Lactic Acid Fermentation: reactants, products Everyday uses of alcoholic fermentation Effects of lactic acid in muscle The process of aerobic respiration Glycolysis: location, reactants, products Kreb cycle: location, reactants, products Electron transport chain: location, reactants, products Hints on test day: Read ALL directions Use a # 2 pencil Start studying now Bring something to do quietly after the test – there is no talking during test day