Download HAP Final Exam Study Guide

HAP 2012-2013
Final Exam Study Guide
Anatomy Basics
 Understand feedback Mechanisms in Homeostatic Control
Receptor, control center, Effector

Positive and Negative feedback/Examples/How they impact the stimulus?

What is homeostasis? What is a stimulus?

Review directional terms, sections, and correct anatomical position.
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The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by:

Structure of an atom?
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Chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds
Importance of hydrogen bonds in maintaining shape
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Know the difference between inorganic and organic compounds.
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What are the four major organic macromolecules?
1.
Carbohydrates
2.
Lipids: Know the general function of the following lipids:
cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids
3. Proteins
What 2 categories of proteins does the human body make?
Describe the four structures of protein molecules
What is the structure of an amino acid? What is the “R” group?
What kind of bonds link amino acids together?
What kinds of bonds hold the structures of proteins together?
4.
Nucleic Acids:
Enzyme activity
 What are enzymes?


Describe the structure of an enzyme, including the active site.

What happens when an enzyme is denatured? Provide a biological example in the
body of proteins being denatured.

What is the biological relationship between proteins and their shape?
Important biological characteristics of water?
Muscle System Review
 Know the connective tissues that are part of muscle organization.
Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium - Tendon

What makes muscle fibers (cells) different from other somatic cells?

What ingredients are necessary for normal muscle contraction to occur?

What are the 3 main varieties of muscle tissue?

As muscles use energy reserves and begin to produce lactic acid, the muscle has entered
a state of :

The nervous system communicates with the muscle fiber at this location:

What chemical compound is needed for muscles to receive messages for movement from
the nervous system?

The functional unit of the skeletal muscle is known as the :

What are the origin and insertion of each muscle referring to?

Names of muscles can indicate several things about the muscle, practice a few examples.
o Location of muscle
o Number of attachments
o Size/shape of muscle
o Direction of muscle fibers
o Origin/insertion
o Action of muscle

Further review of muscle quizzes/tests!
Nervous System Review
 Know the nueroglia/nerve glue that is a component of nervous tissue.
o Astrocytes
o Microglial cells
o Ependymal cells
o Schwann cells
o Oligodendrocytes

Know the different classification of neurons based on organization.
o Multipolar
o Unipolar
o Bipolar
o Anaxonic

Organization/Function of brain regions:
o Cerebrum
o Cerebellum
o
o

Know the Eye!

Further review of nervous system and vision quizzes/tests!
Thalamus
Medulla
Endocrine System Review
 What are the 2 main categories of hormones, based on chemical structure?

How does protein category relate to protein function? Hint: direct gene activation vs 2nd
messenger system.

Understand the concept of hyper-/hypo- secretion.

What are hormones and what do they do for the body?

Specific hormone and gland relationships to know:
pituitary gland = growth hormone and oxytocin
pineal gland = melatonin
thyroid gland = T3 and T4
parathyroid gland = PTH
thymus = thymosin
pancreas = insulin
adrenal gland = adrenaline and other stress hormones
gonads = testosterone/ estrogen
placenta = temporary gland for pregnancy

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine function?
Reproduction Review
 How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells? Gametes?

What structure transports the ovum to the uterus?

In what order of structures do the sperm travel to exit the male reproductive tract?

What is/are the functions of the reproductive system?

Where should fertilization of an egg normally occur?

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Be able to properly label both male and female systems.

Further review of reproductive quizzes and tests!

Know the pathogens and symptoms of STD’s.
Circulatory System review
 Know the composition of whole blood.

Know
o
o
o
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What products can be found dissolved in plasma?

What hormone regulates blood cell production?

Describe how blood transfusions result in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation).

Describe the appearance of A, B, and Rh antigens on the red cell surface.
the functions of each formed element in blood.
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Leukocytes