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ENGLISH 9
GRAMMAR UNIT II
SENTENCES, FRAGMENTS, AND ELEMENTS
LESSON FIVE: SENTENCE COMPLEMENTS
In addition to subjects and verbs, sentences often contain complements; complements are words or
groups of words that complete the meaning of the verb. The four types of complements follow:
SENTENCE COMPLEMENTS
Direct Object (DO)
Indirect Object (IO)
Predicate Noun (PN)
A noun or pronoun that receives
the action of an action verb (who?
or what?)
He hit the ball.
a noun or pronoun that appears
with a DO and names the person
or thing that something is given to
or done for
a noun or pronoun that appears
with a linking verb and renames,
identifies, or explains the subject
He gave me a free ticket.
I love my grandmother.
Bring me a Coke, please.
That painting is a winner.
The new leader will be Sue.
It was I. (only I,he,she,we,
and they are PN's)
Predicate Adjective (PA)
an adjective that appears with a
linking verb and describes the
subject
The air smelled smoky.
The raging fire was warm.
INFORMATION ABOUT COMPLEMENTS
1. Complements may be compound.
EXAMPLES: Don't forget the hammer and nails.
I bought my mother and father a gift for Christmas.
The girls have remained friends and colleagues for years.
My grandmother became unhappy and depressed last year.
2. Complements are never found in prepositional phrases; an IO never follows the words
to or for in a sentence.
EXAMPLES: I gave a gift (to my mother and father)(for Christmas).
3. Action verbs never take PN’s or PA’s. Linking verbs never take DO’s or IO’s.
4. In order to have an IO, a sentence must also have a DO.
5. Another kind of object is the object of the prepositional phrase, called OP.
EXAMPLE: We walked (down the avenue).
(During the game), we sat quietly and watched.
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EXERCISE ONE: In each sentence, do the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Underline the subject once and label it S.
Underline the verb twice and label it either AV or LV.
Cross out all prepositional phrases.
Label all complements DO, IO, PN, or PA.
1. Our tasks have become endless.
2. Down the street marched a vivid group of teenagers with banners.
3. The usher gave us the wrong seats in the theater.
4. We shall meet you in the lobby.
5. Can you meet me at the game?
6. The gardenias smell too sweet and strong.
7. My brother became a famous actor in New York.
8. That man in the black sweater got me a free ticket.
9. He plays the violin remarkably well.
10. He was an able statesman.
11. It is I.
12. Between you and me, that cab must be very old.
13. We moved the furniture to Boston.
14. The fashion models might be they.
15. The frightened woman left the room.
16. The doctor examined the patient's broken bone.
17. The boss appointed me employee of the week.
18. The gong sounds quite shrill.
19. He called the child into the room.
20. We introduced her to our friends.
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EXERCISE TWO: COMPOSING (Underline what is asked to do in each sentence.) One of
these is impossible to do!
1. Write a complete sentence that contains an indirect object with a direct object.
2. Write a complete sentence that contains compound predicate nouns.
3. Write a complete sentence that contains the predicate adjective “dangerous.”
4. Write a complete sentence where the verb comes before the subject.
5. Write an interrogative sentence with the subject interrupting the verb phrase.
6. Write a complete sentence with the direct object within a prepositional phrase.
7. Write a complete sentence with compound personal pronouns used as indirect objects.
8. Write a complete sentence with an understood subject and a direct object.
9. Write a complete sentence with an action verb followed by a prepositional phrase and NO
complements.
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LESSON SIX: SENTENCE PATTERNS
Remember that a sentence is a word or group of words that expresses a complete thought.
There are five (5) basic sentence patterns:
SENTENCE PATTERNS
PATTERN
EXAMPLES
Pattern 1 = S + V
The fans cheered.
Casey struck out.
We are traveling by bus.
Pattern 2 = S + LV + PA
Those rocks are dangerous.
My jacket has become quite shabby.
His mom seems very young.
Pattern 3 = S + LV + PN
My aunt is a doctor.
Luke remained my best friend.
Both novels have become best sellers.
Pattern 4 = S + AV + DO
I hit a home run.
Carelessness causes accidents.
Pattern 5 = S + AV + IO + DO
We should win every game.
Mom got Sarah that job.
Tony gave us the keys.
He wrote each friend a postcard.
NOTE: Every sentence must follow one of these patterns; for example, notice that there are no
sentences with S + AV + IO or with S + LV + DO. Sentences can only fall into one of the above
patterns.
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EXERCISE ONE: Identify the pattern of each of the following sentences.
1) cross off prepositional phrases
2) underline verb twice and label (LV or AV)
3) underline subject once and label
4) label PA or PN if LV
5) label DO with possible IO if AV
6) If it is a question, re-write as a sentence
Pattern 1 = S+V
Pattern 4 = S+AV+DO
Pattern 2 = S+LV+PA
Pattern 5 = S+AV+IO+DO
Pattern 3 = S+LV+PN
____________ 1. The dance hall is large.
____________ 2. Does Trina write in her diary daily?
____________ 3. Rembrandt is a famous painter.
____________ 4. The teacher gave us a special project.
____________ 5. Gillian made a bookcase in her class.
____________ 6. Bill grew frightened at the noise.
____________ 7. The high school has become a familiar place.
____________ 8. The editor-in-chief wrote an embarrassing article for the paper.
____________ 9. Give us some time for the preparations.
____________10. Melissa reads rapidly now.
____________11. I looked down the street at the new house on the corner.
____________12. Does my father need a doctor immediately?
____________13. The bleachers are full of students.
____________14. Someone must have taken my watch!
____________15. She soon became my best friend.
____________16. Our school has a Frisbee team.
____________17. Barbara smiled radiantly.
____________18. Mr. Conrad told the class a funny story.
____________19. Salem is the state capital.
____________20. During the summer, we spend much time at the beach.
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LESSON SEVEN: SENTENCE CLASSIFICATIONS
Sentences can often be classified according to their structure. We have been considering primarily
simple sentences, but there are three other classifications:
SENTENCE CLASSIFICATIONS
Simple
one independent clause that
contains a subject, a verb, and
expresses a complete thought.
A ship crashed into the rocks.
The volcano erupted at noon.
Huge waves tossed and battered the ship.
Compound
Complex
CompoundComplex
two independent clauses
(sentences) joined by a
coordinating conjunction (and, or,
but, nor, yet, for, so), conjunctive
adverb (however, moreover,
therefore, thus, indeed), or a semicolon
an independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses
A ship crashed into the rocks, and it sank.
(Common dependent clause
starter words: after, although, as,
because, before, even though, if,
since, because, that, though, unless,
until, when, whenever, where,
wherever, which, while, who(m),
whoever, whomever, whose)
a combination of a compound and a
complex sentence
The volcano, [which was rumbling for years,] finally
erupted. (Adj. Clause)
The volcano erupted at noon; hot ash shot into the air.
Huge waves tossed and battered the ship; however, it
did not sink.
A ship crashed into the rocks, [where the boats were
moored]. (Adv. clause)
He predicted [that a storm would toss and batter the
ship]. (Noun clause)
The ship, [which was traveling from the north,] was in
trouble, and the crew was getting sick.
The volcano [that erupted at noon] spewed lava, and
the people ran from it.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
1. Compound sentences are separated by a comma then a conjunction. (, and)
2. Dependent clauses have subjects and verbs unlike phrases that do not.
3. Dependent clauses function in three ways: adverb, adjective, or noun.
4. Dependent clauses have starter words that indicate their presence:
a. adverb clauses - subordinating conjunctions (after, although, because,…)
b. adjective clauses – relative pronouns or adverbs (who, whom, which, that,
whose, where, when).
c. noun clauses – the same words that begin adverb and adjective clauses.
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EXERCISE ONE: Identify each of the following sentences according to the chart:
1
2
3
4
=
=
=
=
simple sentence
compound sentence
complex sentence
compound-complex sentence
EXAMPLES:
_______ 1. Yesterday I walked my dog, but today Sam will walk him.
_______ 2. My dog wears a jeweled collar.
_______ 3. Because he was still young, my dog could run really fast, and
we were exhausted after our exercise.
_______ 4. You may enjoy my dog since he has a great personality.
_______ 1. The bicycle that Jennifer rides to school is old, but it runs better than mine.
_______ 2. It surprises people that dolphins are found in all oceans.
_______ 3. This form of theater still flourishes today in many cultures.
_______ 4. The Morris house, which was built 10 years ago, has been sold.
_______ 5. The mountain grew quiet, and the ash settled.
_______ 6. These codes were called pirate laws.
_______ 7. Many of the pirates were women, but they never gained the fame of male pirates.
_______ 8. Sir Francis Drake, who was one of the Queen’s “sea dogs,” committed many acts of
piracy.
_______ 9. I left in a hurry, for the letter was due to arrive today.
_______10. Because of the rain today, the game will be postponed.
_______11. Because it is raining today, the game will be postponed.
_______12. Piracy lasted for three centuries, and any pirates that plundered the seas could be granted
pardons if they stole for a country’s monarch.
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EXERCISE TWO: COMPOSING & COMBINING (Underline what is asked for in each
sentence.)
1. Write a compound sentence using the coordinating conjunction “or.”
2. Write a complex sentence with an adverb clause beginning with “after.” (BE CAREFUL!)
3. Write a complex sentence with an adjective clause modifying the noun “car” and beginning with
the word “that.”
4. Write a complex sentence with a noun clause subject beginning with the word “whatever.”
5. Write a compound-complex sentence that contains an adverb clause.
6. Combine the two sentences into one compound sentence by using “and.”
The explosion created a huge crater.
The glow of the molten lava could be seen for miles.
7. Make the following sentences one complex sentence by using the relative pronoun “who” to
make one of the sentences an adjective clause.
The boaters hailed one another.
The boaters were hoping for a relaxing day.
8. Make the following sentences one complex sentence by using the subordinating conjunction
“because” to make one of the sentences an adverb clause.
Two boats nearly capsized.
Their pilots didn't heed the shifting winds.
9. Make the following sentences one complex sentence by using the word “when” to make one of
the sentences a noun clause direct object.
The harbor director decides it.
Small-craft warnings will be issued sometime.
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EXERCISE THREE: REVIEW OF SENTENCE ELEMENTS
PART ONE: Using the chart below, identify the elements in BOLD in each of the sentences.
S = subject
LV = linking verb
AV = action verb
DO = direct object
IO = indirect object
PN = predicate noun
PA = predicate adjective
OP = object of preposition
_______ 1. The coach is always tougher on newcomers.
_______ 2.
1
2
3
_______ 3.
_______ 4. Debby gave Rita the good news after class.
_______ 5.
4
5
6
_______ 6.
_______ 7. Caesar sensed danger in the Senate on the Ides of March.
_______ 8.
7
8
9
_______ 9.
_______10. Are you a graduate of Mona Shores?
_______11.
10
11
_______12. The first pitch of the game was low, fast, and tricky.
_______13.
12
13
14
_______14.
_______15. I’ll knock this one to the west of Kalamazoo.
_______16.
15
16
_______17. Dr. Smith gave each of us a small pin as a prize.
_______18.
17
18
_______19. There were four thousand beans in the jar.
_______20.
19
20
_______21. The Camera Shop made the pictures sharp and clear.
_______22.
21
22
_______23. That is all of the candy in the jar.
_______24.
23 24
25
_______25.
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PART TWO: Identify the sentence pattern of each of the following.
1=
S+V
4 = S + AV + DO
2=
S + LV + PA
5 = S + AV + IO + DO
3=
S + LV + PN
____________ 1. Go to the front office now.
____________ 2. World History has become my favorite class.
____________ 3. Lack of sleep will affect your concentration.
____________ 4. Did you bring the children some ice cream?
____________ 5. Tricia’s behavior is never predictable.
____________ 6. He cleaned his bunk after dinner.
____________ 7. Leave now!
____________ 8. Anthony handed the coach the trophy.
____________ 9. The coin was very shiny and old.
____________10. Are you a moody person?
PART THREE: Classify the following sentences.
1
= simple sentence
2
= compound sentence
3
= complex sentence
4
= compound-complex sentence
_______ 1. The four small children skated, rode bikes, and played hopscotch.
_______ 2. He ate everything on his plate, but he didn’t even thank the cook.
_______ 3. After we eat, let’s go to the movies, and then let’s go to Mary’s house.
_______ 4. I don’t like your plan because it will take too much time.
_______ 5. Whatever you wish is fine with me, but don’t ask me again.
_______ 6. The man whose car was bumped is going to sue us.
_______ 7. Get ready now, and jump quickly!
_______ 8. Are we going to the dance at the club on Friday night?
_______ 9. Since they never believe anything I say, I will prove it to them.
_______10. My aunt, my mother and I went to Chicago last weekend.
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ENGLISH 9
UNITS II (LESSONS V-VII)
MASTERY TEST REVIEW
PART ONE: Label the following items according to the list below.
1
2
3
4
=
=
=
=
simple sentence
compound sentence
complex sentence
compound-complex sentence
_______ 1. Is singing your favorite pastime?
_______ 2. When Todd and I left the gym, the snowdrifts were waist deep.
_______ 3. Matt sanded the shelves, and Cliff varnished them.
_______ 4. In the last inning, Jim hit a home run, and Shores won the game that decided the
conference championship.
_______ 5. Sarah never gave Terry a chance to defend himself.
_______ 6. If you can afford to spend that much on your girlfriend, you can buy mom something.
_______ 7. I intended the remark as a joke, but Olivia took it seriously.
_______ 8. Christopher, hating spinach in any form, ate some to please his mom.
_______ 9. We should not condemn the ignorant; instead, we should educate them.
_______10. No one took Jim’s warning seriously because he had cried wolf too many times before.
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In these passages, certain sentences have been underlined and numbered. Each question
consists of a type of sentence. Circle the appropriate letter.
On its maiden voyage in 1912, the British ocean liner the Titanic sank after ramming an
iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean. The nearest ship, the California, did not get the SOS message
1
because the radio operator had gone to bed and turned off his radio. The Titanic’s captain, Edward J.
Smith, knew there were only enough lifeboats for half the 2,100 people on board. In the panic, even
those were not filled. Seventeen-year-old Jack Thayer from Philadelphia was not lucky enough to get
2
into a lifeboat, but as the Titanic slid into the water, he dived from its prow into the icy waters.
Coming upon an overturned lifeboat, he hung on until the Carpathia came to his rescue at dawn.
More than 1,500 other people were not so lucky.
3
1. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Com-complex
2. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Com-complex
3. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Com-complex
On December 1, 1955, an African American seamstress named Rosa Parks refused to give up
her seat on a bus to a white person as she was legally required to do in Montgomery, Alabama, and
many parts of the south. Tired from a hard day at work, Mrs. Parks refused to budge and was
1
arrested, fined, and jailed. Meetings were held at Dexter Avenue Church, a nonviolent boycott of the
Montgomery bus system began, and the Civil Rights movement was born. From the very first,
Christian ideals were a source of strength for the struggle; but Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., gained
2
inspiration from many other sources, including the great Hindu leader Mohandas Gandhi, who once
said, “Nothing enduring can be built upon violence.”
1. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Com-complex
2. A. Simple
B. Compound
C. Complex
D. Com-complex
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PART TWO: Identify the pattern of each sentence below.
1=
2=
3=
S+V
S + LV + PA
S + LV + PN
4 = S + AV + DO
5 = S + AV + IO + DO
_______ 1. Mr. Smiley had never been a coward.
_______ 2. They were very grateful for our help.
_______ 3. We carefully packed the crystal goblets in several crates.
_______ 4. No one could explain the reason for this outburst.
_______ 5. My mom gave me my report card after dinner.
_______ 6. Drop by after lunch today.
_______ 7. The farmer and the hired hand, sputtering with rage, rushed out into the yard.
_______ 8. All hope of saving the trapped men was lost by morning.
_______ 9. Jamison will never be a first-rate novelist or poet.
_______10. He brought me the letter from Newsweek Magazine.
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In this passage, certain sentences have been underlined and numbered. Each question consists
of a pattern of sentence. Circle the appropriate letter.
A loud siren could be heard from across town when Jim Bob stepped on the throttle of the
stolen Mustang convertible. The dealership from which it was taken offered a generous reward.
Nick and Ellen desperately wanted the money. Nick was worried about his finances for sometime
1
2
now, so he decided to try and help the police with the investigation, so he called about the Mustang.
3
It was over an hour after it was stolen when Nick looked out the window just in time to see the topaz
blue Mustang shoot by the window. Ellen gave Nick the keys to their car, and Nick decided to follow
4
the Mustang. While he was on the phone with the police, he dreamed that he was a millionaire.
5
1. A. S + V
B. S +LV+PA
C. S+ LV+ PN
2. A. S + V
B. S +LV+PA
C. S+ LV+ PN
D. S+ AV+DO
E. S+AV+IO+DO
D. S+ AV+DO
E. S+AV+IO+DO
3. A. S + V
B. S +LV+PA
C. S+ LV+ PN
4. A. S + V
B. S +LV+PA
C. S+ LV+ PN
D. S+ AV+DO
E. S+AV+IO+DO
D. S+ AV+DO
E. S+AV+IO+DO
5. A. S + V
B. S +LV+PA
C. S+ LV+ PN
D. S+ AV+DO
E. S+AV+IO+DO
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PART THREE: In this passage, certain words have been underlined and numbered. Each
question asks for the function of the word in each sentence. The abbreviations of each are listed
below. Circle the appropriate letter.
S
=
LV
=
AV
=
DO
=
IO
=
ADJ =
CONJ =
subject
linking verb
action verb
direct object
indirect object
adjective
conjunction
PN
=
PA
=
OP
=
PREP =
ADV =
INT =
predicate noun
predicate adjective
object of preposition
preposition
adverb
interjection
Mrs. Blackman can’t understand that watching the Chicago Bear’s game on Monday night is
1
2
more important than reading two or three chapters of The Red Badge of Courage. Does she sincerely
3
4
believe that I would sit down at 8:00 p.m., kickoff time, and read some book about a war that
5
6
happened before my great grandparents were born? She says that it’s historic. Well, I can’t think of
7
8
one thing more historic than what’s to come on Monday night. I’ll bet 90 percent of the United
9
States will be watching this Super Bowl run. I suppose, however, that Mrs. Blackman is one of the
10 11
10 percent who believes that the world doesn’t stop for football. Mrs. Blackman gave me homework
12
despite the game.
1. A. AV
B. LV
C. DO
D. PN
7. A. PA
B. PN
C. DO
D. IO
2. A. CONJ
B. PREP
C. INT
D. AV
8. A. CONJ
B. PREP
C. LV
D. INT
3. A. ADV
B. S
C. IO
D. ADJ
9. A. S
B. DO
C. PN
D. IO
4. A. ADJ
B. LV
C. OP
D. ADV
10. A. AV
B. CONJ
C. LV
D. ADV
5. A. CONJ
B. S
C. PREP
D. ADJ
11. A. S
B. LV
C. PN
D. PA
6. A. INT
B. PREP
C. OP
D. IO
12. A. DO
B. IO
C. ADV
D. ADJ
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PART FOUR: COMPOSING (Underline what is asked for in each sentence.)
1. Write a complex sentence with an adverb clause beginning with “after.”
2. Write a compound sentence using “or” as the coordinating conjunction.
3. Write a complex sentence using an adjective clause modifying the direct object and beginning
with the word “that.”
4. Begin a compound-complex sentence with a noun clause subject beginning with “whatever.”
5. Write a simple sentence with TWO personal pronoun indirect objects.
6. Write a simple sentence with “tired” as a predicate adjective and “evening” as an object of
preposition.
7. Make the following two sentences one complex sentence by converting one of the sentences to an
adjective clause beginning with “who.”
The students listened carefully to the review.
The students wanted to do well on the exam.
8. Make the following two sentences one complex sentence by converting one of them to an adverb
clause beginning with “since.”
I arrived much earlier than you.
I get first choice of seats for the concert.