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Transcript
Unit 1 Cellular Biology Test Review - 10 True/False - 12 Matching - 2 ‘Long’ Answer - 25 Multiple Choice - 7 ‘Short’ Answers/Calculations Cell Theory o What are the three tenets of the cell theory? How can you tell if something is alive? Microscopes o Which type is the most powerful? o What is the earliest microscope? o What is the benefit of using a SEM vs. a TEM? o How is magnification calculated? (occipital lens x objective lens) Calculations – know how to calculate the magnification of a biological drawing! Cell Organelles o Know function of: mitochondria, nucleus, ribosome, nucleic acids, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuole, cilia/flagella, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane How can the cell be compared to a working factory? Why are mitochondria called the power plants of cells? Where would you find a high concentration of mitochondria? Low concentration? Chemistry of Biology o What are the 4 types of macromolecules in the body? o Carbohydrates – simple vs. complex o Which elements make up carbohydrates? Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide What are sources of simple carbs? Complex carbs? o Proteins Why are these the most diverse molecules in your body? What is denaturation? When does it happen? Practical applications? What are the individual units (monomers) of proteins? What type of bond exists between these monomers? How many amino acids are ‘essential’? o What does it mean to be essential? o Lipids (Fats) o Which elements make up lipids? How are they different from carbohydrates? What is a phospholipid? What is a triglyceride? Which functional groups comprise it? Compare saturated fats to unsaturated fats. Which is ‘good’? What are some sources of each? Which are solid at room temp? liquid? o Nucleic Acids What is the function of nucleic acids in your body? What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA? How do they pair up in the body? Functional Foods o What does the term functional food mean? o How reliable are the claims made by functional food companies? What are some examples of functional foods we use daily? Enzymes o How do biological catalysts affect reaction rates? (think: activation energy!) o What factors affect the rate of reaction? What is the induced-fit model? Enzyme Activity Graphs Stem Cells o What is a stem cell capable of? (think unspecialized towards specialized) o Where can we find stem cells in the body? Cell Transport o What is the cell membrane composed of? o Why does it mean to be ‘selectively permeable’? o Active transport vs. Passive transport – which uses energy? What energy is used? o What is ATP? What does it stand for? Sketch it, know where the ‘high energy’ bond is. o Diffusion – Simple vs. Facilitated o Transmembrane proteins o What is a concentration gradient? Osmosis – which direction does water flow? (think potato activity) Terms: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic o Which types of molecules enter the cell through active transport? Give some examples. o Exocytosis, endocytosis (pinocytosis & phagocytosis), apoptosis Photosynthesis o Know the overall equation. o autotroph vs. heterotroph o What is chlorophyll? What are accessory pigments? o Thylakoid, grana, vacuole, stroma o Where does it take place? Which organelle carries out the most photosynthesis reactions? o Calvin Cycle vs. Light Reactions o What are the reactants? What are the products? o What molecule is generated as plant food? o How are humans and plants interdependent? Which gases are shared between land animals and plants? Cellular Respiration o What are the two types of cell respiration? o How many ATP are generated by aerobic cellular respiration total? o Full equation of cell respiration Glycolysis – reactants? Products? ATP generated? Krebs Cycle – reactants? Products? ATP generated? Ethanol Fermentation – reactants? Products? ATP generated? What percentage of ethanol is used in wine? Lactate Fermentation – reactants? Products? ATP generated? What is lactic acid build up? Under which conditions does it occur? (oxygen vs. glucose) How is it reversed? (How can you help your muscles recover?) o What organisms perform cellular respiration? o What organisms perform both photosynthesis & cellular respiration? Why can organisms do only cellular respiration, whereas no organism can rely only on photosynthesis?