NIH Public Access
... (or resistance) of particular genes to silencing remains poorly understood. In recent years substantial progress has been made in defining the series of heterochromatic chromatin modifications that spread across the chromosome shortly after XIST RNA first paints the chromosome (reviewed in (Heard, 2 ...
... (or resistance) of particular genes to silencing remains poorly understood. In recent years substantial progress has been made in defining the series of heterochromatic chromatin modifications that spread across the chromosome shortly after XIST RNA first paints the chromosome (reviewed in (Heard, 2 ...
The Nucleotide and Derived Amino Acid
... apo-A-IV contained 376 residues. Throughout most of quence and organization of the docosapeptide units are reits length, human apo-A-IVwas found to contain mul- markably homologous to the tandemly repeated segments tiple tandem 22-residue repeated segments having am- found in apo-A-I (7,9),which sug ...
... apo-A-IV contained 376 residues. Throughout most of quence and organization of the docosapeptide units are reits length, human apo-A-IVwas found to contain mul- markably homologous to the tandemly repeated segments tiple tandem 22-residue repeated segments having am- found in apo-A-I (7,9),which sug ...
Regulation of CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle in the facultative
... addressthese questionsis the gïam-negative soil bacterium Xanthobacterflavus (Meijer W.G., 1990). This bacterium can grow under both heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions. During autotrophic growth, X. flavus employs the Calvin cycle for the ...
... addressthese questionsis the gïam-negative soil bacterium Xanthobacterflavus (Meijer W.G., 1990). This bacterium can grow under both heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions. During autotrophic growth, X. flavus employs the Calvin cycle for the ...
Recombinant DNA
... replication of the DNA within a living cell, while PCR replicates DNA in the test tube, free of living cells. Formation of recombinant DNA requires a cloning vector, a DNA molecule that will replicate within a living cell. Vectors are generally derived from plasmids or viruses, and represent relativ ...
... replication of the DNA within a living cell, while PCR replicates DNA in the test tube, free of living cells. Formation of recombinant DNA requires a cloning vector, a DNA molecule that will replicate within a living cell. Vectors are generally derived from plasmids or viruses, and represent relativ ...
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... The positioning patterns of γ-H2AX in Jurkat cells indicate that sub-telomeric and actively transcribed regions are sensitive to endogenous DNA damage. Sub-telomeres are known to be prone to replication-mediated DSBs, particularly due to oncogenic replication stress (10,11). DNA hyperreplication in ...
... The positioning patterns of γ-H2AX in Jurkat cells indicate that sub-telomeric and actively transcribed regions are sensitive to endogenous DNA damage. Sub-telomeres are known to be prone to replication-mediated DSBs, particularly due to oncogenic replication stress (10,11). DNA hyperreplication in ...
Stabilizing synthetic data in the DNA of living organisms
... Moreover, when more than three synthetic DNA oligomers are used for data storage, there is a high potential for correction of the identified data breakage points (Fig. 4). The natural DNA error rate in the genome of a living organism or in laboratorial experiments is not as high as the error rate as ...
... Moreover, when more than three synthetic DNA oligomers are used for data storage, there is a high potential for correction of the identified data breakage points (Fig. 4). The natural DNA error rate in the genome of a living organism or in laboratorial experiments is not as high as the error rate as ...
Chado: evolution of a biological database LONG VERSION
... • features located relative to contigs • Contigs related relative to chrmosomes ...
... • features located relative to contigs • Contigs related relative to chrmosomes ...
Host-pathogen interactions in drosophila: new tricks from an old friend
... Another family of insect proteins thought to function as opsonins are the Teps (thioester-containing proteins). The drosophila genome includes six potential Teps, all of which include several domains common to the α2-macroglobulin and complement (C3) family. These proteins form covalent adducts with ...
... Another family of insect proteins thought to function as opsonins are the Teps (thioester-containing proteins). The drosophila genome includes six potential Teps, all of which include several domains common to the α2-macroglobulin and complement (C3) family. These proteins form covalent adducts with ...
Antibiotic resistance genes are carried on plasmids
... composition: Plasmids are small molecules of double stranded, helical, nonchromosomal DNA. Like the nucleoid, the two ends of the doublestranded DNA molecule that make up a plasmid covalently bond together forming a physical circle. function: Plasmids code for synthesis of a few proteins not coded f ...
... composition: Plasmids are small molecules of double stranded, helical, nonchromosomal DNA. Like the nucleoid, the two ends of the doublestranded DNA molecule that make up a plasmid covalently bond together forming a physical circle. function: Plasmids code for synthesis of a few proteins not coded f ...
Two genes from Bacillus subtilis under the sole control
... parentheses is located within the Tn917lacZ element. This map is derived from analysis of the genomic fragments carried by pSB34 and pSY105, labelled as 'cloning' plasmids. Inverse PCR was used t o isolate an additional 285 bp downstream from the Kpnl site. The csbC ORF identified by the csb-34::Tn9 ...
... parentheses is located within the Tn917lacZ element. This map is derived from analysis of the genomic fragments carried by pSB34 and pSY105, labelled as 'cloning' plasmids. Inverse PCR was used t o isolate an additional 285 bp downstream from the Kpnl site. The csbC ORF identified by the csb-34::Tn9 ...
History of Biotech and Biotech Applications
... before this date, and the Nobel Prize rules do not allow a prize to be awarded posthumously ...
... before this date, and the Nobel Prize rules do not allow a prize to be awarded posthumously ...
The E-Class PPR Protein MEF3 of Arabidopsis
... proteins in the mapped genomic window into Ler protoplasts shows differential effects. Sequence analysis of the atp4 cDNA shows that gene At1g06140 strongly increases the level of RNA editing at the target site atp4-89 in the transfected protoplasts. Gene At1g06580 also alters the editing level in c ...
... proteins in the mapped genomic window into Ler protoplasts shows differential effects. Sequence analysis of the atp4 cDNA shows that gene At1g06140 strongly increases the level of RNA editing at the target site atp4-89 in the transfected protoplasts. Gene At1g06580 also alters the editing level in c ...
File
... before this date, and the Nobel Prize rules do not allow a prize to be awarded posthumously ...
... before this date, and the Nobel Prize rules do not allow a prize to be awarded posthumously ...
Comparison of Identified TSS Locations to Other
... made to individual sites. In mammalian studies on large-scale 5’capped transcript datasets, initiation sites were observed at many closely spaced locations and called at single-nucleotide resolution [13]. While some of the initiation frequencies at this resolution have been shown to be condition-spe ...
... made to individual sites. In mammalian studies on large-scale 5’capped transcript datasets, initiation sites were observed at many closely spaced locations and called at single-nucleotide resolution [13]. While some of the initiation frequencies at this resolution have been shown to be condition-spe ...
Damage Control: The Pleiotropy of DNA Repair Genes
... Department of Genetics, Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 ...
... Department of Genetics, Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 ...
Protocols for 16S rDNA Array Analyses of Microbial
... microarrays may be used for the DNA array hybridization experiments. One µl (100 pmol/µl) of the complementary primers containing a 15-mer poly T tail at the 5’-end is spotted on the slide. The slides are then treated according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. The hybridizations are do ...
... microarrays may be used for the DNA array hybridization experiments. One µl (100 pmol/µl) of the complementary primers containing a 15-mer poly T tail at the 5’-end is spotted on the slide. The slides are then treated according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. The hybridizations are do ...
Degenerate PCR - Yale School of Medicine
... doesn't fit quite correctly in double stranded DNA, so there may be an energetic penalty to pay when the helix bulges out at this purine:purine pairing). Recently, most people have been using inosine in their primers at positions where any of the four bases might be required. Each use of inosine thu ...
... doesn't fit quite correctly in double stranded DNA, so there may be an energetic penalty to pay when the helix bulges out at this purine:purine pairing). Recently, most people have been using inosine in their primers at positions where any of the four bases might be required. Each use of inosine thu ...
Effects of Nicotine on Embryological Neural Development A Senior
... There was no visible difference in expression of Isl-1 in control and nicotine treated embryos using RT-PCR for the entire embryo. Isl-1 expressing cells constitute a small population of total RNA for an embryo, so the Isl-1 signal may be masked by other cell populations when viewed using PCR. In si ...
... There was no visible difference in expression of Isl-1 in control and nicotine treated embryos using RT-PCR for the entire embryo. Isl-1 expressing cells constitute a small population of total RNA for an embryo, so the Isl-1 signal may be masked by other cell populations when viewed using PCR. In si ...
Reconstructing evolution: Gene transfer from plastids to the nucleus
... DNA are found in nuclear-transferred copies as often as are coding sequences.(23) When plant nuclear genome sequences reveal uninterrupted organelle-like DNA tracts that contain the organellar introns, tRNAs and hundreds of kilobases of organellar non-coding regions, DNA transfer seems most likely t ...
... DNA are found in nuclear-transferred copies as often as are coding sequences.(23) When plant nuclear genome sequences reveal uninterrupted organelle-like DNA tracts that contain the organellar introns, tRNAs and hundreds of kilobases of organellar non-coding regions, DNA transfer seems most likely t ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 17 Answers 1. A recombinant
... b. A vector that can be used to produce recombinant proteins in yeast c. A vector that is specific to cereal plants like rice and corn d. A vector that is specific to embryonic stem cells The correct answer is a—A vector that can transfer recombinant genes into plant genomes A. Answer a is correct. ...
... b. A vector that can be used to produce recombinant proteins in yeast c. A vector that is specific to cereal plants like rice and corn d. A vector that is specific to embryonic stem cells The correct answer is a—A vector that can transfer recombinant genes into plant genomes A. Answer a is correct. ...
The Structures of DNA and RNA
... of DNA are linked together by covalent bonds and how the resulting molecules are arranged in three-dimensional space. Not surprisingly, there initially were fears that DNA might have very complicated and perhaps bizarre structures that differed radically from one gene to another. Great relief, if no ...
... of DNA are linked together by covalent bonds and how the resulting molecules are arranged in three-dimensional space. Not surprisingly, there initially were fears that DNA might have very complicated and perhaps bizarre structures that differed radically from one gene to another. Great relief, if no ...
functional analysis of chromatin assembly genes in tetrahymena
... DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Post-translational modifications such as histone acetylation or the substitution of histone variants in place of core histones have been implicated in various chromatin related processes. There are two distinct chromatin assembly pathways. Replicati ...
... DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Post-translational modifications such as histone acetylation or the substitution of histone variants in place of core histones have been implicated in various chromatin related processes. There are two distinct chromatin assembly pathways. Replicati ...
Recombination - Transformation
... recombination, meiotic and somatic recombination, and the applications of basic mechanisms of recombination today, such as genetically modified plants and foods. There are increasing numbers of publications in these areas and not all results and hypotheses can be covered in this article. Although co ...
... recombination, meiotic and somatic recombination, and the applications of basic mechanisms of recombination today, such as genetically modified plants and foods. There are increasing numbers of publications in these areas and not all results and hypotheses can be covered in this article. Although co ...
Mechanisms of Transcription-Replication
... domain, restraining both processes prior to the direct encounter (3, 11, 14). The fraction of DNA knots appeared to be greater in those plasmids where replication collided with transcription head-on, rather than codirectionally, supporting the formation of such positively supercoiled domains (39). T ...
... domain, restraining both processes prior to the direct encounter (3, 11, 14). The fraction of DNA knots appeared to be greater in those plasmids where replication collided with transcription head-on, rather than codirectionally, supporting the formation of such positively supercoiled domains (39). T ...
Primary transcript
A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. The primary transcripts designated to be mRNAs are modified in preparation for translation. For example, a precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is a type of primary transcript that becomes a messenger RNA (mRNA) after processing.There are several steps contributing to the production of primary transcripts. All these steps involve a series of interactions to initiate and complete the transcription of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Certain factors play key roles in the activation and inhibition of transcription, where they regulate primary transcript production. Transcription produces primary transcripts that are further modified by several processes. These processes include the 5' cap, 3'-polyadenylation, and alternative splicing. In particular, alternative splicing directly contributes to the diversity of mRNA found in cells. The modifications of primary transcripts have been further studied in research seeking greater knowledge of the role and significance of these transcripts. Experimental studies based on molecular changes to primary transcripts the processes before and after transcription have led to greater understanding of diseases involving primary transcripts.