1. Regarding the citric acid cycle: a. Write a balanced net equation
... of your two loves. You decide to try a carbon-tracing experiment with a batch of champagne. After the initial fermentation and bottling, you add yeast and labeled sugar (labeled at carbon 1 of glucose) to the bottle for a second fermentation, which will convert the bottle’s contents to champagne. Af ...
... of your two loves. You decide to try a carbon-tracing experiment with a batch of champagne. After the initial fermentation and bottling, you add yeast and labeled sugar (labeled at carbon 1 of glucose) to the bottle for a second fermentation, which will convert the bottle’s contents to champagne. Af ...
Bauman Chapter 1 Answers to Critical Thinking Questions
... and is dependent on the availability of oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration is somewhat less efficient in terms of energy recovery than aerobic respiration, and utilizes final electron acceptors other than oxygen (nitrates, sulfates, etc.). Fermentation is the least efficien ...
... and is dependent on the availability of oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration is somewhat less efficient in terms of energy recovery than aerobic respiration, and utilizes final electron acceptors other than oxygen (nitrates, sulfates, etc.). Fermentation is the least efficien ...
PPT slides - USD Biology
... • Conversion of carbon skeletons to pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, or other Krebs Cycle intermediates • Step 1 above is rate-limiting. • Efficiency of catabolism is lower than for carbohydrates and fats because nitrogenous waste removal incurs a cost. • ATP yields are approximately similar to those for carbo ...
... • Conversion of carbon skeletons to pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, or other Krebs Cycle intermediates • Step 1 above is rate-limiting. • Efficiency of catabolism is lower than for carbohydrates and fats because nitrogenous waste removal incurs a cost. • ATP yields are approximately similar to those for carbo ...
Cellular Respiration - Mrs. Brenner`s Biology
... Lactic acid vs. Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeasts + other organisms • pyruvic acid +NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD ...
... Lactic acid vs. Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeasts + other organisms • pyruvic acid +NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD ...
Solutions - MIT OpenCourseWare
... BPG is at a higher energy level than 3PG. You can infer this because BPG has two phosphate groups as compare to 3PG, which has one phosphate group. Also, the conversion of BPG into 3PG drives the synthesis of ATP. d) The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase, catalyzes step 5. In this step Dihydroxyacet ...
... BPG is at a higher energy level than 3PG. You can infer this because BPG has two phosphate groups as compare to 3PG, which has one phosphate group. Also, the conversion of BPG into 3PG drives the synthesis of ATP. d) The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase, catalyzes step 5. In this step Dihydroxyacet ...
24.8 Fates of the Carbon Atoms from Amino Acids
... General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake ...
... General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake ...
2-respiration
... • Citrate proceeds through the citric acid cycle to regenerate oxaloacetate. • ATP and carbon dioxide are produced during this. • H ions and high-energy electrons are removed by dehydrogenases. • These reduce NAD and FAD to NADH and FADH2. • They are taken to the electron transport chain. ...
... • Citrate proceeds through the citric acid cycle to regenerate oxaloacetate. • ATP and carbon dioxide are produced during this. • H ions and high-energy electrons are removed by dehydrogenases. • These reduce NAD and FAD to NADH and FADH2. • They are taken to the electron transport chain. ...
cellular respiration
... • if O2 is present then glycolysis enters the 2nd step of respiration; The Kreb’s cycle ...
... • if O2 is present then glycolysis enters the 2nd step of respiration; The Kreb’s cycle ...
CHAP NUM="9" ID="CH
... dihydroxyacetone phosphate as fast as it was produced? Figure 9.10 Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the junction between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate is a charged molecule, so in eukaryotic cells it must enter the mitochondrion via active transport, with the help of a transp ...
... dihydroxyacetone phosphate as fast as it was produced? Figure 9.10 Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the junction between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate is a charged molecule, so in eukaryotic cells it must enter the mitochondrion via active transport, with the help of a transp ...
Derived copy of Bis2A 07.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid
... liver. This form produces GTP. GTP is energetically equivalent to ATP; however, its use is more restricted. In particular, protein synthesis primarily uses GTP. Step 6. Step six is a dehydration process that converts succinate into fumarate. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD, producing FADH2 ...
... liver. This form produces GTP. GTP is energetically equivalent to ATP; however, its use is more restricted. In particular, protein synthesis primarily uses GTP. Step 6. Step six is a dehydration process that converts succinate into fumarate. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD, producing FADH2 ...
Catabolism
... Carbohydrates and other nutrients serve two functions in the metabolism of heterotrophic microorganisms: 1. They are oxidized to release energy 2. They supply carbon or building blocks for the synthesis of new cell constituents. • Amphibolic pathways: function both catabolically and anabolically ...
... Carbohydrates and other nutrients serve two functions in the metabolism of heterotrophic microorganisms: 1. They are oxidized to release energy 2. They supply carbon or building blocks for the synthesis of new cell constituents. • Amphibolic pathways: function both catabolically and anabolically ...
Fall `94
... like carbohydrates. The most common amino acid is alanine; if it is transaminated, what product remains? __________________. How much energy, in integral ATP units, can be gained by oxidizing this product all the way to carbon dioxide and water? ______________. (SHOW WORK and STATE ASSUMPTIONS) ...
... like carbohydrates. The most common amino acid is alanine; if it is transaminated, what product remains? __________________. How much energy, in integral ATP units, can be gained by oxidizing this product all the way to carbon dioxide and water? ______________. (SHOW WORK and STATE ASSUMPTIONS) ...
study guide 009
... 20. Explain why fermentation and anaerobic respiration are necessary. 21. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. 22. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP. 23. Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell and wh ...
... 20. Explain why fermentation and anaerobic respiration are necessary. 21. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. 22. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP. 23. Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell and wh ...
aerobic respiration
... 1. Most of the energy is acquired by NADH; three molecules are produced during each turn of the cycle. 2. The reactions of the electron transport chain occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 4. The mitochondrial membranes segregate the enzymes and reactant ...
... 1. Most of the energy is acquired by NADH; three molecules are produced during each turn of the cycle. 2. The reactions of the electron transport chain occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 4. The mitochondrial membranes segregate the enzymes and reactant ...
Light Independent
... What if there is no oxygen? ★ Fermentation (or Anaerobic Respiration) occurs when oxygen is NOT present ★ Occurs AFTER glycolysis ★ Skips Kreb’s and ETC ★ Occurs in anaerobic bacteria, yeast, and muscle cells ★ 2 types: ○ Alcoholic (pyruvate to ethanol) ○ Lactic Acid (pyruvate to lactic acid) ...
... What if there is no oxygen? ★ Fermentation (or Anaerobic Respiration) occurs when oxygen is NOT present ★ Occurs AFTER glycolysis ★ Skips Kreb’s and ETC ★ Occurs in anaerobic bacteria, yeast, and muscle cells ★ 2 types: ○ Alcoholic (pyruvate to ethanol) ○ Lactic Acid (pyruvate to lactic acid) ...
notes powerpoint
... If oxygen is present ( aerobic) the second stage is the Krebs cycle. If oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by Fermentation. ...
... If oxygen is present ( aerobic) the second stage is the Krebs cycle. If oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by Fermentation. ...
METABOLISM I. Introduction. - metabolism: all chemical reactions
... NADH+H+/FADH2 to set up a hydrogen ion gradient used to drive ATP synthesis. - glucose oxidation: C2 H12 O6 +6O2 -------> 6H2 O + 6CO 2 + 38ATP + heat - this process involves glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC). -there are two means of ATP production throughout glucose oxidat ...
... NADH+H+/FADH2 to set up a hydrogen ion gradient used to drive ATP synthesis. - glucose oxidation: C2 H12 O6 +6O2 -------> 6H2 O + 6CO 2 + 38ATP + heat - this process involves glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC). -there are two means of ATP production throughout glucose oxidat ...
The_Light_Independent_Reactions
... form an unstable 6 carbon compound. • RuBP is a CO2 acceptor molecule. • This process is catalysed by the enzyme RUBISCO and is a carboxylation reaction • RUBISCO is made in chloroplasts using chloroplast DNA • The 6C compound immediately splits into two molecules of a 3C compound called glycerate-3 ...
... form an unstable 6 carbon compound. • RuBP is a CO2 acceptor molecule. • This process is catalysed by the enzyme RUBISCO and is a carboxylation reaction • RUBISCO is made in chloroplasts using chloroplast DNA • The 6C compound immediately splits into two molecules of a 3C compound called glycerate-3 ...
221_exam_2_2003
... In the first section of this class we discussed stromatolites which are fossilized microbial mat communities. The microbial mats consisted of layers of different prokaryotic phototrophs. Based on what you have learned about the properties of the different kinds of phototrophs in this section of the ...
... In the first section of this class we discussed stromatolites which are fossilized microbial mat communities. The microbial mats consisted of layers of different prokaryotic phototrophs. Based on what you have learned about the properties of the different kinds of phototrophs in this section of the ...
A2 Populations and Environment JLL The Biochemistry of R
... 2. A ____ carbon acid is formed 3. Oxidation-reduction reactions then occur, and electrons and hydrogen are transferred to ______ to produce __________________ 4. Carbon dioxide is removed to form a ______ carbon compound. 5. Another molecule of ________ is removed, and further oxidation- reduction ...
... 2. A ____ carbon acid is formed 3. Oxidation-reduction reactions then occur, and electrons and hydrogen are transferred to ______ to produce __________________ 4. Carbon dioxide is removed to form a ______ carbon compound. 5. Another molecule of ________ is removed, and further oxidation- reduction ...
Bis2A 07.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric
... liver. This form produces GTP. GTP is energetically equivalent to ATP; however, its use is more restricted. In particular, protein synthesis primarily uses GTP. Step 6. Step six is a dehydration process that converts succinate into fumarate. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD, producing FADH2 ...
... liver. This form produces GTP. GTP is energetically equivalent to ATP; however, its use is more restricted. In particular, protein synthesis primarily uses GTP. Step 6. Step six is a dehydration process that converts succinate into fumarate. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD, producing FADH2 ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.