I-1 I. Introduction BIOCHEMISTRY = METABOLISM At first you may
... The processing of acetyl CoA occurs by a cyclic reaction sequence alternatively called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle), Citric Acid Cycle or the Krebs' Cycle (regrettably to be confused with the Krebs’ Urea Cycle, that was actually discovered first). In this cycle the two carbon acetyl por ...
... The processing of acetyl CoA occurs by a cyclic reaction sequence alternatively called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle), Citric Acid Cycle or the Krebs' Cycle (regrettably to be confused with the Krebs’ Urea Cycle, that was actually discovered first). In this cycle the two carbon acetyl por ...
Tutorial: Metabolic Signaling in the b-Cell
... As the cycle progresses, first one carbon is lost and then another Cycle ends where it began, except that 4 NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP molecule have been made The coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that are used to transfer electrons between molecules. This transfer is key for powering ...
... As the cycle progresses, first one carbon is lost and then another Cycle ends where it began, except that 4 NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP molecule have been made The coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that are used to transfer electrons between molecules. This transfer is key for powering ...
Alcoholic fermentation
... The fate of the pyruvate depends on …………………… availability. In the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation or lactic fermentation takes place. 2 x PYRUVATE (….C) ...
... The fate of the pyruvate depends on …………………… availability. In the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation or lactic fermentation takes place. 2 x PYRUVATE (….C) ...
AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Metabolism
... both plants and animals have mitochondria How many carbons are in a glucose molecule? 6; C6H12O6 ...
... both plants and animals have mitochondria How many carbons are in a glucose molecule? 6; C6H12O6 ...
cellular respiration
... transferring a phosphate directly to ADP from another molecule 2. oxidative phosphorylation – use of ATP synthase and energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP ...
... transferring a phosphate directly to ADP from another molecule 2. oxidative phosphorylation – use of ATP synthase and energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP ...
Cellular Respiration Chapter 9
... The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen! ...
... The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen! ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... 2. Some organisms that are exposed to oxygen, but switch to fermentation when oxygen is scarce. AP Biology ...
... 2. Some organisms that are exposed to oxygen, but switch to fermentation when oxygen is scarce. AP Biology ...
Cellular Respiration
... the final electron acceptor with the H+, to make water without it the electrons can’t go through ...
... the final electron acceptor with the H+, to make water without it the electrons can’t go through ...
Citric acid cycle • What are the functions of Citric Acid Cycle?
... the oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred from reduced electron carriers to oxygen, and ATP is formed via a proton gradient. ...
... the oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred from reduced electron carriers to oxygen, and ATP is formed via a proton gradient. ...
Chapter 8
... Glycolysis • Oxidation of glucose • Phosphorylation of some intermediates (Uses 2 ATPs) • 1) Where does it take place? • Splits a 6 carbon sugar into two 3 carbon molecules (pyruvic acid) • Coenzyme NAD is reduced to NADH • Substrate-level-phosphorylation (4 ATPs are synthesized but 2 are used!!!) ...
... Glycolysis • Oxidation of glucose • Phosphorylation of some intermediates (Uses 2 ATPs) • 1) Where does it take place? • Splits a 6 carbon sugar into two 3 carbon molecules (pyruvic acid) • Coenzyme NAD is reduced to NADH • Substrate-level-phosphorylation (4 ATPs are synthesized but 2 are used!!!) ...
Ch 9 chapter summary
... • 2 ATP molecules are used at the start of glycolysis to get the process started. • High-energy electrons are passed to the electron carrier NAD+, forming two molecules of NADH. • 4 ATP are synthesized during glycolysis for a net gain of 2 ATP. The Krebs Cycle The second stage of cellular respiratio ...
... • 2 ATP molecules are used at the start of glycolysis to get the process started. • High-energy electrons are passed to the electron carrier NAD+, forming two molecules of NADH. • 4 ATP are synthesized during glycolysis for a net gain of 2 ATP. The Krebs Cycle The second stage of cellular respiratio ...
Slide 1
... The Krebs cycle a. breaks down a two-carbon molecule into two molecules of CO2. b. produces a six-carbon molecule from six molecules of CO2. c. produces NADH from NAD+ and H+. d. generates most of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration. ...
... The Krebs cycle a. breaks down a two-carbon molecule into two molecules of CO2. b. produces a six-carbon molecule from six molecules of CO2. c. produces NADH from NAD+ and H+. d. generates most of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration. ...
Electron Transport Chain _ETC
... outside of the inner membrane. So, there is high H+ concentration outside the inner membrane. This causes H+ to enter into mitochondria through the channels (Fo); this proton influx causes ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. Energy yield (number of ATP generated) per molecule of glucose when it is comple ...
... outside of the inner membrane. So, there is high H+ concentration outside the inner membrane. This causes H+ to enter into mitochondria through the channels (Fo); this proton influx causes ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. Energy yield (number of ATP generated) per molecule of glucose when it is comple ...
Krebs Cycle - WordPress.com
... living organisms that are essential for the growth and repair of the body and for nutrition and release of energy in a useable form. These processes are both breakingdown(catabolism)and building-up (anabolism)processes, and combined, they are called the metabolism of the body. ...
... living organisms that are essential for the growth and repair of the body and for nutrition and release of energy in a useable form. These processes are both breakingdown(catabolism)and building-up (anabolism)processes, and combined, they are called the metabolism of the body. ...
Text S3: Fatty acid synthesis and catabolism
... Text S3: Fatty acid synthesis and catabolism Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 is able to synthesize fatty acids de novo from acetyl-CoA and incorporate them into phospholipids. This strain has an absolute requirement for several volatile acids for growth [1], utilizing isobutyrate and valerate for produ ...
... Text S3: Fatty acid synthesis and catabolism Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 is able to synthesize fatty acids de novo from acetyl-CoA and incorporate them into phospholipids. This strain has an absolute requirement for several volatile acids for growth [1], utilizing isobutyrate and valerate for produ ...
Electron Transport Chain (1)
... - Since there’s a higher concentration in the cristae, it wants to come in - The only way to come in, it goes through the ATP synthase which makes ATP by ADP + P Every molecule of glucose, potentially we make about 38 ATP. Without oxygen, you can’t do the link stage, kreb cycle, etc. ATP Synthase, a ...
... - Since there’s a higher concentration in the cristae, it wants to come in - The only way to come in, it goes through the ATP synthase which makes ATP by ADP + P Every molecule of glucose, potentially we make about 38 ATP. Without oxygen, you can’t do the link stage, kreb cycle, etc. ATP Synthase, a ...
Cellular Respiration
... A carbon is removed, forming CO2 Electrons are removed: NAD+ NADH Coenzyme A joins the 2-carbon molecule, forming Acetyl-Co-A Acetyl-Co-A then adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound (oxaloacetate), forming Citric Acid ...
... A carbon is removed, forming CO2 Electrons are removed: NAD+ NADH Coenzyme A joins the 2-carbon molecule, forming Acetyl-Co-A Acetyl-Co-A then adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound (oxaloacetate), forming Citric Acid ...
Bettleheim Chapter 20
... 3 ATP Indirect (from ET) 2 ATP (Each pair of H+ produces 1 ATP) For each C2 unit (acetyl CoA) we produce... – 1 GTP directly (same as – 3 NADH in ET (3 x 3 = – 1 FADH2 in ET (1 x 2 = ...
... 3 ATP Indirect (from ET) 2 ATP (Each pair of H+ produces 1 ATP) For each C2 unit (acetyl CoA) we produce... – 1 GTP directly (same as – 3 NADH in ET (3 x 3 = – 1 FADH2 in ET (1 x 2 = ...
Biosynthesis of monomers
... • Glucose synthesis from organic compounds – Process is called gluconeogenesis – Most cells can carry out gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate – Many bacteria can use oxaloacetate as starting material ...
... • Glucose synthesis from organic compounds – Process is called gluconeogenesis – Most cells can carry out gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate – Many bacteria can use oxaloacetate as starting material ...
Chapter 25
... • Breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, 38 ATP molecules – Most of ATP molecules to sustain life are produced this way ...
... • Breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, 38 ATP molecules – Most of ATP molecules to sustain life are produced this way ...
Cell Respiration
... NADH +H gives its electron to the first electron carrier in the ETC, thus NADH +H becomes NAD+, in other terms NADH+H is oxidized and the first carrier in the chain is reduce The first carrier passes the electron to the next carrier and so on electrons are passed from one carrier to the next in the ...
... NADH +H gives its electron to the first electron carrier in the ETC, thus NADH +H becomes NAD+, in other terms NADH+H is oxidized and the first carrier in the chain is reduce The first carrier passes the electron to the next carrier and so on electrons are passed from one carrier to the next in the ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.