28 Gluconeogenesis In animals, glucose is required by the brain
... liver has some glucose stored in the form of glycogen but these stores only last for about 12 hours in the absence of dietary glucose. Considerably before the glucose stores have been consumed, the organism must begin synthesizing additional glucose from other molecules in a process called gluconeog ...
... liver has some glucose stored in the form of glycogen but these stores only last for about 12 hours in the absence of dietary glucose. Considerably before the glucose stores have been consumed, the organism must begin synthesizing additional glucose from other molecules in a process called gluconeog ...
Cell Respir/Ferm slide
... In this case study, students learn about the function of cellular respiration and the electron transport chain and what happens when that function is impaired. Students play the role of medical examiner as they analyze the autopsy results to determine the cause of the mysterious deaths of these seve ...
... In this case study, students learn about the function of cellular respiration and the electron transport chain and what happens when that function is impaired. Students play the role of medical examiner as they analyze the autopsy results to determine the cause of the mysterious deaths of these seve ...
Cellular metabolism
... production of ATP by ATP synthase. •The NADH generated by glycolysis in the cytosol also passes electrons to the respiratory chain. •NADH cannot pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane •the electron transfer from cytosolic NADH must be accomplished indirectly •done by means of one of several “s ...
... production of ATP by ATP synthase. •The NADH generated by glycolysis in the cytosol also passes electrons to the respiratory chain. •NADH cannot pass across the inner mitochondrial membrane •the electron transfer from cytosolic NADH must be accomplished indirectly •done by means of one of several “s ...
1 Two ATP molecules each give a phosphate group to a glucose
... Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the leaf through stomata In the stroma, the carbon dioxide reacts with RuBP (5C) This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme called RuBisCo The reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP produces two molecules of GP (3C) NADPH is used to reduce GP to TP usi ...
... Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the leaf through stomata In the stroma, the carbon dioxide reacts with RuBP (5C) This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme called RuBisCo The reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP produces two molecules of GP (3C) NADPH is used to reduce GP to TP usi ...
Other High Energy Compounds
... and the potential for phosphoryl transfer is maximal. At the other extreme, if AMP is the only adenylate form present, E.C. = 0. Then the relative amounts of the three adenine nucleotides are fixed by the energy charge. The following figure shows the relative changes in the concentrations of the ade ...
... and the potential for phosphoryl transfer is maximal. At the other extreme, if AMP is the only adenylate form present, E.C. = 0. Then the relative amounts of the three adenine nucleotides are fixed by the energy charge. The following figure shows the relative changes in the concentrations of the ade ...
13 respiration overview 9 30 05
... NADP+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP+ + H+ + 2e- -> NADPH FAD ...
... NADP+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP+ + H+ + 2e- -> NADPH FAD ...
Cellular Respiration
... breakdown of compounds in the Krebs cycle is used to reduce NAD -> NADH and FAD -> FADH • NADH & FADH donate electrons to the ETC on the inner mitochondrial ...
... breakdown of compounds in the Krebs cycle is used to reduce NAD -> NADH and FAD -> FADH • NADH & FADH donate electrons to the ETC on the inner mitochondrial ...
Biology Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration Notes Glycolysis: “Glucose splits”
... Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation. The purpose of fermentation is to regenerate the electron acceptor NAD+. Without it, glycolysis can not continue because there is no place to put its electrons. It is NOT the purpose of fermentation to produce ...
... Compare the reactants, products, and energy yield of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation. The purpose of fermentation is to regenerate the electron acceptor NAD+. Without it, glycolysis can not continue because there is no place to put its electrons. It is NOT the purpose of fermentation to produce ...
Gluconeogenesis
... humans. In mammals, some tissues depend almost completely on glucose for their metabolic energy. The human brain alone requires 120 g of glucose each day, more than half of which is stored as glycogen in muscle and liver. ...
... humans. In mammals, some tissues depend almost completely on glucose for their metabolic energy. The human brain alone requires 120 g of glucose each day, more than half of which is stored as glycogen in muscle and liver. ...
Chapter 7 Notes - MDC Faculty Home Pages
... Glycolysis • Bacteria and certain eukaryotes can use only glycolysis. Problem—How can they recycle the NAD+? • Solution—alcoholic fermentation, yeast in absence of oxygen (bread and wine) must regenerate NAD+, so they dump electrons from NADH onto the acetaldehyde (converted from pyruvic acid and sp ...
... Glycolysis • Bacteria and certain eukaryotes can use only glycolysis. Problem—How can they recycle the NAD+? • Solution—alcoholic fermentation, yeast in absence of oxygen (bread and wine) must regenerate NAD+, so they dump electrons from NADH onto the acetaldehyde (converted from pyruvic acid and sp ...
Electron Transport Chain
... _______________________ energy that is harnessed to make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels back into the matrix, ________________ ATP SYNTHASE spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to ATP form _______ ...
... _______________________ energy that is harnessed to make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels back into the matrix, ________________ ATP SYNTHASE spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to ATP form _______ ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... History 1961 - Peter Mitchell proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis: energy from e- transport is stored in a proton gradient which is then used to make ATP Experimental support: 1. Uncouplers: dinitrophenol carries H+ across membrane, dissipating the H+ gradient ...
... History 1961 - Peter Mitchell proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis: energy from e- transport is stored in a proton gradient which is then used to make ATP Experimental support: 1. Uncouplers: dinitrophenol carries H+ across membrane, dissipating the H+ gradient ...
metabolism of amino acids
... • Negative nitrogen balance – output exceeds intakeduring surgery, advanced cancer or malnutrition ...
... • Negative nitrogen balance – output exceeds intakeduring surgery, advanced cancer or malnutrition ...
Chapter 29 Biosynthetic Pathways 308 29.1 Your text states in
... the amount of cholesterol in cells. The enzyme is a key target for the cholesterol-lowering drugs like lovastatin and lipitor that inhibit the enzyme. 29.29 All of the carbons in cholesterol orginate in acetyl CoA. An important intermediate in the synthesis of the steroid is a C-5 fragment called is ...
... the amount of cholesterol in cells. The enzyme is a key target for the cholesterol-lowering drugs like lovastatin and lipitor that inhibit the enzyme. 29.29 All of the carbons in cholesterol orginate in acetyl CoA. An important intermediate in the synthesis of the steroid is a C-5 fragment called is ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... Glucose Pyruvate Lactate 2. In absence of oxygen, NADH + H+ is not oxidized by the respiratory chain. 3. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate is the mechanism for regeneration of NAD+. 4. This helps continuity of glycolysis, as the generated NAD+ will be used once more for oxidation of another ...
... Glucose Pyruvate Lactate 2. In absence of oxygen, NADH + H+ is not oxidized by the respiratory chain. 3. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate is the mechanism for regeneration of NAD+. 4. This helps continuity of glycolysis, as the generated NAD+ will be used once more for oxidation of another ...
Exam #2
... membrane systems in these cells (see Chapter 3)? Why are they ecologically significant? Name the chemolithotrophs we discussed; what they react with and to what product; any unique differences among them? Why does the energy generated from chemosynthetic electron transport sometimes get shunted to d ...
... membrane systems in these cells (see Chapter 3)? Why are they ecologically significant? Name the chemolithotrophs we discussed; what they react with and to what product; any unique differences among them? Why does the energy generated from chemosynthetic electron transport sometimes get shunted to d ...
Chapter 26 - s3.amazonaws.com
... A "secret" role of ATP in metabolism Metabolic pathways proceed in one direction Either catabolic or anabolic, not both Both directions of any pair of opposing pathways must be favorable, so that allosteric effectors can control the direction effectively The ATP coupling coefficient for any such seq ...
... A "secret" role of ATP in metabolism Metabolic pathways proceed in one direction Either catabolic or anabolic, not both Both directions of any pair of opposing pathways must be favorable, so that allosteric effectors can control the direction effectively The ATP coupling coefficient for any such seq ...
Lecture-Oxidative Phsphorylation
... History 1961 - Peter Mitchell proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis: energy from e- transport is stored in a proton gradient which is then used to make ATP ...
... History 1961 - Peter Mitchell proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis: energy from e- transport is stored in a proton gradient which is then used to make ATP ...
Exam 2 Study Guide
... c. Cultivated strawberries have eight chromosomes versus two for their native counterparts d. Cultivated strawberries have eight pairs of chromosomes versus four for their native counterparts e. Cultivated strawberries are likely to be sterile ...
... c. Cultivated strawberries have eight chromosomes versus two for their native counterparts d. Cultivated strawberries have eight pairs of chromosomes versus four for their native counterparts e. Cultivated strawberries are likely to be sterile ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.