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Anaerobic Energy Systems
Anaerobic Energy Systems

...  Exertion levels determine the rate of lactic acid removal  An active recovery provides best conditions with exertion levels and heart rate lower than that at the onset of blood lactate accumulation. ...
05. Metabolism of carbohydrates 1
05. Metabolism of carbohydrates 1

... process of carbohydrates metabolism. ...
Structural basis for the functional differences between ASCT1 and
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... A.J. Scopelliti, R. Ryan and R. Vandenberg, Department. of Pharmacology, Blackburn Building D06, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. The alanine, serine and cysteine transporters (ASCT1 and 2) are electroneutral exchangers. They belong to the Solute Carrier Family 1, along with human glutamat ...
R-C-SCoA (acyl CoA) O
R-C-SCoA (acyl CoA) O

... of AMP. It is analogous to NAD except that the nicotinamide has been replaced by isoalloxazine and the ribose of NMN by ribitol. When we focus on the chemical reactivity of the flavin we simply draw the three-ring isoalloxazine portion and represent the remainder of the dinucleotide by R-. The most ...
Respiration
Respiration

... • All living cells use anaerobic respiration to break down glucose into a useable form of energy, ATP • The process of anaerobic respiration must always begin with the presence of GLUCOSE • The GLUCOSE is then broken down (Glycolysis) with the aid of ENZYMES into PYRUVIC ACID and then into either: – ...
Macromolecule PowerPoint
Macromolecule PowerPoint

... How are monosaccharides used differently in humans than polysaccharides? How are they structurally different from each other? List, in order, the types of macromolecules by their effectiveness of energy usage? (What does our body use ...
cellular respiration jeopardy
cellular respiration jeopardy

... Enzyme that spins as H+ ions pass through and produces ATP A: What is ATP synthase ? S2C06 Jeopardy Review ...
File
File

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

...  Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration. During glycolysis, each glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of the compound pyruvate. In eukaryotic cells, as shown here, the pyruvate enters the mitochondrion. There it is oxidized to acetyl CoA, which is further oxidized to CO2 in th ...
Table S1.
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... D6 – Fatty acid desaturase Required for the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids. D5 – Fatty acid desaturase Required for the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids. Elongation of very long chain fatty acids Participates in the biosynthesis of long chain poly ...
Teacher Instructions Lesson 4
Teacher Instructions Lesson 4

... Another option would be to have more advanced students create these tools as part of an extension or enrichment activity. The instructions for these stamps are explained in detail in Lesson 1. All 20 amino acids could be be made into stamps, or another option is to make only the amino acids coding f ...
Nehru Arts Science and College Reaccredited with “A” Grade by
Nehru Arts Science and College Reaccredited with “A” Grade by

... (1) a given base triplet can code for more than one amino acid (2) there is no punctuation in the code sequence (3)the third base in a codon is net important for coding (4) a given amino acid can be coded for by more than one base triplet 18. A purine nucleotide is (1) AMP (2) UMP (3) CMP (4) TMP 19 ...
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... Insulin Porcine is a two chain, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 51 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 5777 Dalton. The ? and ? chains are joined by two interchain disulfide bonds. The ? chain ...
Biosynthesis of Nucleotides 2 - University of Alabama at Birmingham
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... different parts of the organism. They are quaternary proteins with different combinations of subunits. Levels of isoenzymes from specific tissues can be measured in the blood to determine if that tissue has been damaged. (When the cells die, their contents, including enzymes, are released.) ...
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Ab`s Simplistic Cell Biology Cell theory is a great example of

... The chemical reactions describing the full pathways of complete aerobic metabolism of glucose are very complex. Indeed, requirements that they be memorized have turned many a pre-med student into an Accounting or English major. I have occasionally known most of the formulae, but to tell the truth, I ...
General Amino Acid Metabolism
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... The first step in the catabolism of most amino acids is the transfer of their α - amino group to α -ketoglutarate where the products are α - ketoacids and glutamate. This transfer of amino groups from one carbon skeleton to another is catalyzed by a family of transaminases which are also called amin ...
Novel nucleotide diversity of succinate thiokinase
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... The nucleotide specificity of succinate thiokinase (STK) from a variety of sources has been studied (Palmer & Wedding. 1966; McClellan & Ottaway, 1980; Weitzman & Jaskowska-Hodges, 1982). Gram-negative bacteria can utilize both adenine and guanine nucleotides (ADP/ATP and G D P G T P ) on a single ' ...
Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Chemistry of Carbohydrates

... Glycolysis is the major pathway for glucose metabolism, occurs in the cytosol of all cells ((outside the mitochondria)) through Embden-Meyerhof pathway. It is unique in that it can function either aerobically or anaerobically, however , anaerobic conditions limit the amount of energy liberated /mole ...
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Polymers and Amino Acids
Polymers and Amino Acids

... A peptide bond can be split by refluxing with hydrochloric acid. During hydrolysis, the water molecule adds across the peptide bond, forming a mixture of the two amino acids. ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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... stage for the oxidative phosphorylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, a major fuel of the citric acid cycle. ...
NAME_________________ 1 BIO 451 14
NAME_________________ 1 BIO 451 14

... chain is the most active enzyme species. For full credit your answer must reflect clear awareness of the pH range that is likely to be most important as well as relevant features of the shape of the curve over this range. Your rationale must be clear. You may ignore the ...
REVIEW CHAPTER 4 and 5
REVIEW CHAPTER 4 and 5

... Nucleotide subunits: ATP: store and transport energy NAD+ ...
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Citric acid cycle



The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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