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FAD
FAD

... triacylglycerol—glycosidic linkage C. nucleic acid—phosphodiester linkage D. protein—ester linkage E. steroid—peptide bond 27. When a nucleic acid undergoes hydrolysis, the resulting subunits are: A. amino acids B. monosaccharides C. nucleotides D. fatty acids E. carotenoids 28. ATP is important in ...
Endosymbiosis: The Evolution of Metabolism
Endosymbiosis: The Evolution of Metabolism

... She compared gene sequences between mitochondria and bacteria; and also between chloroplasts and blue-green algae (photosynthetic bacteria). You can re-create her experiments using sequences from GenBank and the BLAST sequence similarity tool at the NCBI website (see the Sequence Similarity Tutorial ...
Spring 2012 Lecture 5
Spring 2012 Lecture 5

... Amino acids act as: enzymes (catalysts), metabolic intermediates, carriers of energy and waste products and hormones. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins Proteins are the most abundant macromolecules in living cells. May be 0.1 million different proteins in humans. Play pivotal role in a ...
Rubisco
Rubisco

... converted to NADH during this process. ...
Translation
Translation

... 1. Use Figure 22.3 to determine which template strand DNA sequence (written in the 5' → 3' direction) specifies the tripeptide with the sequence gly-ala-leu. A) GGGGCTCTC B) CTCTCGGGG C) CCCCGAGAG D) GAGAGCCCC 2. Which is not true about the genetic code? A) Some amino acids share the same codon. B) ...
Visualizing the triplet code
Visualizing the triplet code

... Conclusions: Identify which codons specify which amino acids Prove that the code is degenerate ...
Biochemistry - ScienceGeek.net
Biochemistry - ScienceGeek.net

... released as the carboxyl end of one amino acid bonds to the amine end of the adjacent one forming a peptide bond, as illustrated at the left. Because water is lost, the process is called:  Condensation synthesis, or…  Condensation polymerization ...
Slayt 1 - Prof.Dr.Orhan CANBOLAT
Slayt 1 - Prof.Dr.Orhan CANBOLAT

... HCO3 ...
Separation of Nucleic acid constituents Nucleic acids do exist in
Separation of Nucleic acid constituents Nucleic acids do exist in

... The separation with IERs is carried out based on the differences among the electric charges of nucleotides. The dissociations of amino groups in the base parts are different depending on bases, although the dissociation of phosphoric acid group is the same in all nucleotides. The correlation curves ...
Metabolism of lipids
Metabolism of lipids

Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Structure and Function
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Structure and Function

... Just as double sugars were formed from two single sugar molecules using a dehydration synthesis reaction, polysaccharides and water are formed when many single sugars are chemically joined together. The prefix “poly-” means many. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are the three most common polysacchari ...
Nucleotide File
Nucleotide File

... bonds, in each case because of the unique structures of the bases. ...
Document
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... Efficiency ...
Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine
Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine

... In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to Acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one molecule of the A ...
AP Chapter 5A WS  - TJ
AP Chapter 5A WS - TJ

... c. Lactose 9. Polymers of sugars form 10. Which forms of polysaccharide is best for each function: a. Strength of structure b. Storage and sugar release c. What biological theme is this addressing? ...
Dan`s poster - The University of Sheffield
Dan`s poster - The University of Sheffield

... Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK ...
SBT-production - Webarchiv ETHZ / Webarchive ETH
SBT-production - Webarchiv ETHZ / Webarchive ETH

... DHAP synthesis Phosphoenolpyruvate ADP ...
HPLC is a precise tool Lactose fermentation Lactose is disaccharide
HPLC is a precise tool Lactose fermentation Lactose is disaccharide

... No free sugars are available after some days Lactic acid is actively formed during vat process and pressing Lactate concentration decreased from 120130 mmoles/kg to 30-50mmoles/kg Propionate (40-60 mmoles/kg) and acetate (40-50mmoles/kg) are formed, mainly in ...
1 APPENDIX 1 TEST PRINCIPLES USED IN THE BIOCHEMICAL
1 APPENDIX 1 TEST PRINCIPLES USED IN THE BIOCHEMICAL

... ALP consists of four structural genotypes: the liver-bone-kidney type, the intestinal type, the placenta type and the variants from the germ cells. I t occurs in osteoblasts, hepatocytes, leucocytes, the kidneys, spleen, placenta, prostate and the small intestine. The liver-bone-kidney is particular ...
Chapter 18 Homework Assignment Chapter 18 Amino Acid
Chapter 18 Homework Assignment Chapter 18 Amino Acid

... Transport by Glutamine in the Bloodstream • The enzyme glutamine synthetase, which plays a central metabolic role in all organisms, can transfer free ammonia to glutamate, thus producing glutamine • This two-step reaction (another one!) requires an activated phosphorylated intermediate • Glutamine t ...
INSIDER`S GUIDE Interpretation and treatment: Organic acid
INSIDER`S GUIDE Interpretation and treatment: Organic acid

... The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. The citric acid cycle is the all important metabolic pathway which uses a series of enzymecatalysed chemical reactions involved in the conversion of carbohydra ...
Midterm Examination I, March 31st, 2005
Midterm Examination I, March 31st, 2005

Ch 17- Carboxylic Acids and their derivatives
Ch 17- Carboxylic Acids and their derivatives

... • In general, the carboxylic acid derivatives can be synthesized from one another through this addition-elimination reaction • However, we must keep in mind the reactivity series • Less reactive acyl compounds can be synthesized from more reactive ones, but the reverse is usually very difficult and ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education

... increase their production of ATP and heat. This baby can’t do any of those things yet. Instead, along her back she has a layer of a special kind of “baby fat,” called brown fat, that helps keep her warm. The cells of brown fat have a “short circuit” in their cellular respiration—they consume oxygen ...
Electron transport chain
Electron transport chain

... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
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Citric acid cycle



The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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