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Metabolism of “surplus” amino acids
Metabolism of “surplus” amino acids

... proteasome, but is recycled. However, there is apparently random mono-ubiquitination of proteins in the cell, followed by more specific attachment of three or four additional molecules of ubiquitin to those already present, catalysed by one of more than 600 ubiquitin ligases in the human genome. Eac ...
Monomers are atoms or small molecules that bond together to form
Monomers are atoms or small molecules that bond together to form

... Monomers are atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers. There are four main types of monomer, including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides. Each of these monomer types play important roles in the existence and development of life, and ...
6-APA - Teknologi Industri Pertanian
6-APA - Teknologi Industri Pertanian

... used in the treatment of hypertension The complex of boric acid with mannitol is used in the production of dry electrolytic capacitors It is an extensively used polyol for the production of resins and surfactants It has low solubility in water of only 18% (w/w) at 25 oC In alkaline solutions, it is ...
www.d3technologies.co.uk
www.d3technologies.co.uk

A2 revision
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... Without cyanide the complete homogenate can break down the glucose/pyruvate fully to produce carbon dioxide. However, when cyanide is present pyruvate does not enter the mitochondria. Cyanide inhibits an enzyme involved in oxidative phosphorylation. It reduces ATP production. If oxidative phosphoryl ...
Lipid Metabolism - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
Lipid Metabolism - Creighton Chemistry Webserver

... use as fuel or store as fat Malonyl CoA (fatty acid biosynthesis) not formed, so carnitine acyltransferase I not inhibited Fatty acids enter mitochondria to be degraded to acetyl CoA (which cannot go to TCA because cycle intermediates have been used in gluconeogenesis) Accumulating acetyl CoA accele ...
7.013 Problem Set 1 - MIT OpenCourseWare
7.013 Problem Set 1 - MIT OpenCourseWare

... inhibitory effect of this drug can be reversed by the excess amount of S1. You perform the reactions under optimal conditions and measure the amount of P2 formed after 30 minutes in both the tubes. ...
Amino acid sequence of phospholipase A from porcine pancreas
Amino acid sequence of phospholipase A from porcine pancreas

... or papain gave rise to rather complex mixtures from which only some short peptides could he purified. The sequence of these confirmed our previous results obtained with the tryptic peptides. A correct positioning of the tryptic peptides was achieved by preparing large fragments, according to the fol ...
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Chapter 9

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Metabolism without Oxygen

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BS 11 First Mid-Term Answer Key Spring 1998
BS 11 First Mid-Term Answer Key Spring 1998

... Circle the residue(s) which is likely to be phosphorylated. Ans: The E. Of these amino acids, only the Glu is a good nucleophile. (2 pt) L) Mutation of S195, H57 and D102 of chymotrypsin to alanine residues yields an enzyme that enhances proteolysis rates by ~5x104 over the uncatalyzed reaction. The ...
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... and animals, also structural component of cell wall. Glycogen stores glucose in the muscle and liver cells of animals ...
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Biochemistry PowerPoint

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06.1 Respiration

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Amino Acid Regulation of RNA Synthesis
Amino Acid Regulation of RNA Synthesis

... feedback inhibition by L-lysine because penicillin and lysine are endproducts of a brack pathway (Fig. 6.9).  Feedback by lysine inhibits the primary enzyme in the chain, homocitrate synthetase, and inhibits the production of aminoadipate.  The addition of - aminoadipate eliminats the inhibitory e ...
Unit 2 – pupil notes
Unit 2 – pupil notes

... small polysaccharides into single sugars, or polypeptides into amino acids. These small molecules can then be imported into the cells. By embedding these enzymes in the plasma membrane, the final products of digestion are produced close to the transport proteins that take them into the cell. ...
Human Metabolism Compared to Other Species
Human Metabolism Compared to Other Species

... First pump e– ...
Q#1,2,5-8 pg. 194
Q#1,2,5-8 pg. 194

... ATP from a single glucose molecule. Cells that rely on fermentation to generate ATP using only glycolysis generate 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. Conversely aerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain and produces approximately 36–38 ATP per molecule of glucose. 2. (a) The major difference ...
February: the fatigue, the enemy of the athlete
February: the fatigue, the enemy of the athlete

... for optimal energy production. In certain cell types such as muscle, the amount of NADH is higher, because they require more energy. For this reason began to be used as complementary therapy in situations in which muscle fatigue is evident. Among the different effects of NADH, two stand out for thei ...
BIO121_Chapter 6
BIO121_Chapter 6

... Cellular Respiration of One Glucose  Yields 36 ATP Glycolysis and Krebs cycle each  produce 2 ATP, and the electron  transport chain produces 34 ATP.  Transporting NADH into the  mitochondrion requires 2 ATP,  making the total production of  ATP equal to 36.  ...
Bis2A 07.2 Fermentation
Bis2A 07.2 Fermentation

... molecular oxygen. Oxygen is a poison to these microorganisms and kills them upon exposure. It should be noted that many forms of fermentation, an exception is lactic acid fermentation, produce gas, usually CO2 and acids, such as lactate or acetate. The production of particular types of gas is used a ...
Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Life at the Molecular Level. 3rd Edition Brochure
Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Life at the Molecular Level. 3rd Edition Brochure

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Describe
Describe

... Stage Two: Production of ATP •Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. •Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. ...
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Citric acid cycle



The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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