Module 1: Introduction
... Transcription factor binding sites (ChIP) • Genetic screen e.g. of knock out library ...
... Transcription factor binding sites (ChIP) • Genetic screen e.g. of knock out library ...
PROTEIN METABOLISM
... codon UUU encodes phenylalanine. The same approach revealed that polycytidylate, poly(C), encodes a polypeptide containing only proline Marshall Nirenberg (polyproline), and polyadenylate, poly(A), encodes polylysine. Polyguanylate did not generate any polypeptide in this experiment because it spont ...
... codon UUU encodes phenylalanine. The same approach revealed that polycytidylate, poly(C), encodes a polypeptide containing only proline Marshall Nirenberg (polyproline), and polyadenylate, poly(A), encodes polylysine. Polyguanylate did not generate any polypeptide in this experiment because it spont ...
Systems-Wide Analysis of Acclimation Responses to Long
... stayed constant during the remaining 8 h monitored in the recovery phase. In contrast to the other cellular macromolecules investigated, the starch content per cell declined within the first 2 h of HS by 28%, but during the remaining 22 h of HS increased to levels that were 46% above those present be ...
... stayed constant during the remaining 8 h monitored in the recovery phase. In contrast to the other cellular macromolecules investigated, the starch content per cell declined within the first 2 h of HS by 28%, but during the remaining 22 h of HS increased to levels that were 46% above those present be ...
Distribution and phylogeny of the bacterial translational GTPases
... factors that utilize GTP are called translational GTPases (trGTPases). Four large families of trGTPases - IF2/eIF5B, SelB/eIF2γ, EF-Tu/EF-1α and EFG/EF-2 - can be distinguished (Leipe et al. 2002). For each of those families one ancestral gene existed in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) (Le ...
... factors that utilize GTP are called translational GTPases (trGTPases). Four large families of trGTPases - IF2/eIF5B, SelB/eIF2γ, EF-Tu/EF-1α and EFG/EF-2 - can be distinguished (Leipe et al. 2002). For each of those families one ancestral gene existed in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) (Le ...
PINK1 positively regulates HDAC3 to suppress p53
... suppressing p53-dependent apoptosis has been recently emphasized; however, the molecular basis of modulation of p53 function by HDAC3 remains unclear. Here, we show that cytoplasmic PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) directly binds to and phosphorylates HDAC3 at Ser-424 to enhance its histone de ...
... suppressing p53-dependent apoptosis has been recently emphasized; however, the molecular basis of modulation of p53 function by HDAC3 remains unclear. Here, we show that cytoplasmic PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) directly binds to and phosphorylates HDAC3 at Ser-424 to enhance its histone de ...
Diapositiva 1 - ASCRS/ASOA 2008
... not displaying blepharitis, allergy, Dry-Eye or had not experienced ocular surgery were included. These subjects were no comsumers of medication, alcohol or cigarrettes and were not contact-lens wearers. Also, fifteen Dry Eye patients (AAO criteria) of identical age and sexes were included. Some of ...
... not displaying blepharitis, allergy, Dry-Eye or had not experienced ocular surgery were included. These subjects were no comsumers of medication, alcohol or cigarrettes and were not contact-lens wearers. Also, fifteen Dry Eye patients (AAO criteria) of identical age and sexes were included. Some of ...
THE LAC OPERON
... Some operons work differently than the Lac operon. These are called Repressible Operons. The example is the Trp OPERON In the Trp operon, tryptophan is synthesized because the gene is always turned on unless the inducer is present. Normally, the gene is turned off because tryptophan is present and ...
... Some operons work differently than the Lac operon. These are called Repressible Operons. The example is the Trp OPERON In the Trp operon, tryptophan is synthesized because the gene is always turned on unless the inducer is present. Normally, the gene is turned off because tryptophan is present and ...
The chimeric leucine-rich repeat/extensin cell wall protein
... creased resistance is required (Fry 1986). Extensins might also be more generally involved in plant development as regulators of cell wall expansion (Carpita and Gibeaut 1993) or as linkers between the cell wall and the plasma membrane (Knox 1995). In recent years, several key enzymes involved in ce ...
... creased resistance is required (Fry 1986). Extensins might also be more generally involved in plant development as regulators of cell wall expansion (Carpita and Gibeaut 1993) or as linkers between the cell wall and the plasma membrane (Knox 1995). In recent years, several key enzymes involved in ce ...
TIBS Review - Structural Genomics Consortium
... successfully targeted in the past decade, resulting in approved drugs. However, it was only recently recognized that the protein domains that read acetyl-lysine—the evolutionarily conserved protein-protein interaction modules of the bromodomain (BRD) class [1]--can also be targeted. The bromo and ex ...
... successfully targeted in the past decade, resulting in approved drugs. However, it was only recently recognized that the protein domains that read acetyl-lysine—the evolutionarily conserved protein-protein interaction modules of the bromodomain (BRD) class [1]--can also be targeted. The bromo and ex ...
GUEST COMMENTARY
... one was found that fused lacY to purE. In this strain synthesis of Lac permease is repressed by the addition of excess adenine. Maxime Schwartz (30) might best sum up the reaction of the bacterial genetics community to the purE-lacY⫹ fusion. At the time this fusion was isolated, he was a graduate st ...
... one was found that fused lacY to purE. In this strain synthesis of Lac permease is repressed by the addition of excess adenine. Maxime Schwartz (30) might best sum up the reaction of the bacterial genetics community to the purE-lacY⫹ fusion. At the time this fusion was isolated, he was a graduate st ...
Hedgehog signal transduction: recent findings Kent
... agents in patterning numerous types of tissues. Mutations in Hh and its downstream signaling molecules are also associated with numerous oncogenic and disease states. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms by which Hh signals are transduced is important for understanding both development and dis ...
... agents in patterning numerous types of tissues. Mutations in Hh and its downstream signaling molecules are also associated with numerous oncogenic and disease states. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms by which Hh signals are transduced is important for understanding both development and dis ...
Nucleolar targeting of BN46/51 - Journal of Cell Science
... approximately equal amounts of two subunits with molecular masses of 46 kDa and 51 kDa and pIs of 5.0 and 4.9, respectively (Trimbur and Walsh, 1992). Both subunits were recognized by BN5.1. This protein was named BN46/51. Analysis of the cytoplasmic appearance of BN46/51 during the differentiation ...
... approximately equal amounts of two subunits with molecular masses of 46 kDa and 51 kDa and pIs of 5.0 and 4.9, respectively (Trimbur and Walsh, 1992). Both subunits were recognized by BN5.1. This protein was named BN46/51. Analysis of the cytoplasmic appearance of BN46/51 during the differentiation ...
Motoneurons Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Develop
... Author contributions: V.F.R., J.S.T., B.C.S., P.H.C., J.P.F., Y.Z., and K.E. designed research; V.F.R., J.S.T., B.C.S., D.M.P., and J.P.B. performed research; J.K.I. and K.E. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; V.F.R., J.S.T., B.C.S., D.M.P., J.P.B., J.K.I., J.P.F., Y.Z., and K.E. analy ...
... Author contributions: V.F.R., J.S.T., B.C.S., P.H.C., J.P.F., Y.Z., and K.E. designed research; V.F.R., J.S.T., B.C.S., D.M.P., and J.P.B. performed research; J.K.I. and K.E. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; V.F.R., J.S.T., B.C.S., D.M.P., J.P.B., J.K.I., J.P.F., Y.Z., and K.E. analy ...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa lytic bacteriophage oKMV
... determinants of phage phiKMV had not been determined. This dissertation focuses on determining the receptor of bacteriophage phiKMV and developing tools for the identification of other virulent phage receptors for phage therapy applications. Host infectivity screens, adsorption tests as well as the ...
... determinants of phage phiKMV had not been determined. This dissertation focuses on determining the receptor of bacteriophage phiKMV and developing tools for the identification of other virulent phage receptors for phage therapy applications. Host infectivity screens, adsorption tests as well as the ...
Defining the tree of life: Archaea`s place in the evolutionary
... acts as a promoter like eucaryote TATA boxes by binding proteins that aid RNA polymerase binding (Qureshi 1995). The basal proteins needed for transcription in Archaea and Eucarya are TBP, TFB and RNAP (Reeve 1997). Eucaryote transcription uses numerous transcription factors which are absent in Arch ...
... acts as a promoter like eucaryote TATA boxes by binding proteins that aid RNA polymerase binding (Qureshi 1995). The basal proteins needed for transcription in Archaea and Eucarya are TBP, TFB and RNAP (Reeve 1997). Eucaryote transcription uses numerous transcription factors which are absent in Arch ...
Molecular architecture of the glomerular slit
... protein leakage through the glomerular capillary wall itself, or direct spreading of glomerular damage to the extraglomerular space appears to lead to a sequence of downstream events including interstitial inflammation and, finally, the loss of nephron function [5]. Podocytes interlinked by the slit ...
... protein leakage through the glomerular capillary wall itself, or direct spreading of glomerular damage to the extraglomerular space appears to lead to a sequence of downstream events including interstitial inflammation and, finally, the loss of nephron function [5]. Podocytes interlinked by the slit ...
Polo kinase and progression through M phase in Drosophila
... maternally provided cell cycle regulatory molecules. Such proteins are synthesized in the nurse cells of the female germ line during oogenesis. Thus, a class of mutations was expected that when homozygous in the mother would cause her to produce eggs deficient in essential cell cycle regulatory prote ...
... maternally provided cell cycle regulatory molecules. Such proteins are synthesized in the nurse cells of the female germ line during oogenesis. Thus, a class of mutations was expected that when homozygous in the mother would cause her to produce eggs deficient in essential cell cycle regulatory prote ...
Regulation cascade of flagellar expression in Gram‐negative bacteria
... lated bacteria to successfully compete with other microorganisms [2]. For example, it has been recently demonstrated that a Fe(III) oxide-reducing bacterium, Geobacter metallireducens, speci¢cally expresses £agella and pili to move towards the insoluble electron acceptor, which may explain the predo ...
... lated bacteria to successfully compete with other microorganisms [2]. For example, it has been recently demonstrated that a Fe(III) oxide-reducing bacterium, Geobacter metallireducens, speci¢cally expresses £agella and pili to move towards the insoluble electron acceptor, which may explain the predo ...
Cloning and expression of proteins from Mycobacterium smegmatis
... (NIAID) some two billion people are believed to be infected with M. tuberculosis [14]. An infected host with a fully functional immune system can carry latent TB for a very long time. Not only the developing countries are heavily affected by TB, but also countries of the former Soviet Union have a g ...
... (NIAID) some two billion people are believed to be infected with M. tuberculosis [14]. An infected host with a fully functional immune system can carry latent TB for a very long time. Not only the developing countries are heavily affected by TB, but also countries of the former Soviet Union have a g ...
The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34
... of GFP (green fluorescent protein)–PH (pleckstrin homology) domains for detection of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 , is the expression of GFP-linked FYVE or PX (phox homology) domains, which are specific for PtdIns3P; tandem domains are sometimes used to increase binding affinity [50,51]. Althou ...
... of GFP (green fluorescent protein)–PH (pleckstrin homology) domains for detection of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 , is the expression of GFP-linked FYVE or PX (phox homology) domains, which are specific for PtdIns3P; tandem domains are sometimes used to increase binding affinity [50,51]. Althou ...
Cloning, Expression in Escherichia coli, and Characterization of
... strain BH72 expressed all three enzymes in Escherichia coli, apparently not from their own promoter. According to restriction endonuclease mapping and subclone analysis, ,-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities were localized on a single 2.6-kb fragment not physically linked to a 1.45-kb fragm ...
... strain BH72 expressed all three enzymes in Escherichia coli, apparently not from their own promoter. According to restriction endonuclease mapping and subclone analysis, ,-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities were localized on a single 2.6-kb fragment not physically linked to a 1.45-kb fragm ...
Pokeweed Antiviral Protein, a Ribosome Inactivating Protein: Activity
... is highly conserved. Pokeweed ribosomes were shown to be as sensitive to PAP treatment as wheat ribosomes [16]. The rRNA in native ribosomes is the ideal substrate for RIPs, nonetheless, protein-free rRNA [105] and synthetic oligoribonucleotides that mimic the S/R domain [106,107], serve as substrat ...
... is highly conserved. Pokeweed ribosomes were shown to be as sensitive to PAP treatment as wheat ribosomes [16]. The rRNA in native ribosomes is the ideal substrate for RIPs, nonetheless, protein-free rRNA [105] and synthetic oligoribonucleotides that mimic the S/R domain [106,107], serve as substrat ...
The UCSC Known Genes
... 74 290 entries. Each Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL protein may cross-reference multiple mRNAs as its supporting evidence. We tried to pick the best mRNA among all those referenced as the representative mRNA and designate it as a Known Gene. The protein and mRNA sequences in each protein–mRNA pair are aligned us ...
... 74 290 entries. Each Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL protein may cross-reference multiple mRNAs as its supporting evidence. We tried to pick the best mRNA among all those referenced as the representative mRNA and designate it as a Known Gene. The protein and mRNA sequences in each protein–mRNA pair are aligned us ...
Genetic Analysis of DNA Replication in Bacteria: DNAB mutants that suppress DNAC Mutations and DNAQ Mutations That Suppress DNAE Mutations in Salmonella typhimurium.
... constitute a biased sample of the suppressors present in the mutagenized lysate. The bias was introduced by screening portions of the lysate with different dnaC testers. For example, a suppressor active on only one dnaC allele would be missed unless that particular dnaC allele were present in the sc ...
... constitute a biased sample of the suppressors present in the mutagenized lysate. The bias was introduced by screening portions of the lysate with different dnaC testers. For example, a suppressor active on only one dnaC allele would be missed unless that particular dnaC allele were present in the sc ...
Plant Vacuoles
... Jauh et al., 1998). Distinctively, the membrane of the vegetative storage vacuoles contains the aquaporin d-TIP (Jauh et al., 1998; Neuhaus and Rogers, 1998). In the endosperm of cereal grains, proteins accumulate in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–derived organelles of vacuole-like size (see below). A f ...
... Jauh et al., 1998). Distinctively, the membrane of the vegetative storage vacuoles contains the aquaporin d-TIP (Jauh et al., 1998; Neuhaus and Rogers, 1998). In the endosperm of cereal grains, proteins accumulate in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–derived organelles of vacuole-like size (see below). A f ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.