Noncovalently Associated Complexes: Apomyoglobin and
... complexes comprising multiple proteins. Signaling and regulation, protein biosynthesis, immune response, enzyme catalysis, and other similar mechanisms all involve noncovalent interactions between proteins and other molecules. Examples of macromolecular interactions include proteinprotein, protein-l ...
... complexes comprising multiple proteins. Signaling and regulation, protein biosynthesis, immune response, enzyme catalysis, and other similar mechanisms all involve noncovalent interactions between proteins and other molecules. Examples of macromolecular interactions include proteinprotein, protein-l ...
Knockout of the adp gene related with colonization in Bacillus
... (TALEs) are natural effector proteins secreted by numerous species of Xanthomonas, in order to modulate gene expression in host plants, and to facilitate bacterial colonization and survival (Boch and Bonas, 2010; Bogdanove et al., 2010). TALEs have revealed an elegant code linking the repetitive reg ...
... (TALEs) are natural effector proteins secreted by numerous species of Xanthomonas, in order to modulate gene expression in host plants, and to facilitate bacterial colonization and survival (Boch and Bonas, 2010; Bogdanove et al., 2010). TALEs have revealed an elegant code linking the repetitive reg ...
Reconstitution of Outer Membrane Protein Assembly from Purified
... b-barrel membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are assembled by highly conserved multi-protein complexes. The mechanism by which these molecular machines fold and insert their substrates is poorly understood. It has not been possible to dissect the folding and i ...
... b-barrel membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are assembled by highly conserved multi-protein complexes. The mechanism by which these molecular machines fold and insert their substrates is poorly understood. It has not been possible to dissect the folding and i ...
Characterization of the wheat gene encoding a grain
... surrounds the whole embryo, but mostly surrounds the suspensor when the embryo reaches its maximum size. Only a few genes are known to be specifically expressed in the ESR. These are ZmEsr1-3 (Opsahl-Ferstad et al., 1997; Bonello et al., 2000), ZmAE1 and ZmAE3 (Magnard et al., 2000), and ZmESR-6 (Ba ...
... surrounds the whole embryo, but mostly surrounds the suspensor when the embryo reaches its maximum size. Only a few genes are known to be specifically expressed in the ESR. These are ZmEsr1-3 (Opsahl-Ferstad et al., 1997; Bonello et al., 2000), ZmAE1 and ZmAE3 (Magnard et al., 2000), and ZmESR-6 (Ba ...
SNAREs: Cogs and Coordinators in Signaling
... bundle of coiled helices that draws the membrane surfaces together for docking and fusion (Fig. 1). Elements of this SNARE complex differ widely in size and structure, but they share common structural motifs, notably those contributing to interactions at the core of the SNARE complex. Within the bun ...
... bundle of coiled helices that draws the membrane surfaces together for docking and fusion (Fig. 1). Elements of this SNARE complex differ widely in size and structure, but they share common structural motifs, notably those contributing to interactions at the core of the SNARE complex. Within the bun ...
Summary 121 Summary The Hox genes form a subset of the
... number of genes present in a cluster varies between animal species; the number of clusters in each species also varies. The Hox clusters are thought to have arisen by tandem duplication of a single gene, followed, in vertebrates, by duplication of the cluster itself. As a consequence, Hox genes occu ...
... number of genes present in a cluster varies between animal species; the number of clusters in each species also varies. The Hox clusters are thought to have arisen by tandem duplication of a single gene, followed, in vertebrates, by duplication of the cluster itself. As a consequence, Hox genes occu ...
Automatically Generating Gene Summaries from Biomedical
... in the FlyBase report. This paragraph contains good example sentences for each aspect of a gene. A typical paragraph contains information related to gene product, sequence information, genetical interaction, etc. More importantly, verbs such as “encode”, “sequence” and “interact” in the text are ver ...
... in the FlyBase report. This paragraph contains good example sentences for each aspect of a gene. A typical paragraph contains information related to gene product, sequence information, genetical interaction, etc. More importantly, verbs such as “encode”, “sequence” and “interact” in the text are ver ...
SM-20, EGL-9, and the EGLN Family of Hypoxia
... years ago together with a large number of other loci in which mutations resulted in defective egg laying (Trent et al., 1983). Sixteen years later, Darby et al. (1999) cloned the egl-9 gene while screening for C. elegans strains that were resistant to a rapid and lethal paralysis induced by Pseudomo ...
... years ago together with a large number of other loci in which mutations resulted in defective egg laying (Trent et al., 1983). Sixteen years later, Darby et al. (1999) cloned the egl-9 gene while screening for C. elegans strains that were resistant to a rapid and lethal paralysis induced by Pseudomo ...
Protein performance in emulsion stability
... of texture and chew. For many meat processors choppers and cutters as well as blenders in combination with a colloid mill are still the prefered method of processing. However, increasingly very large meat processors, including companies who need to harmonise manufacturing systems over more plants an ...
... of texture and chew. For many meat processors choppers and cutters as well as blenders in combination with a colloid mill are still the prefered method of processing. However, increasingly very large meat processors, including companies who need to harmonise manufacturing systems over more plants an ...
Determination of the molecular basis of Marfan syndrome: a growth
... Fibrillin-1 is translated from an mRNA encoded by the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15. The protein is processed and secreted and then forms microfibrils in the matrix in association with other extracellular molecules. Microfibrils may function alone or form the basis of elastic fibers following depositio ...
... Fibrillin-1 is translated from an mRNA encoded by the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15. The protein is processed and secreted and then forms microfibrils in the matrix in association with other extracellular molecules. Microfibrils may function alone or form the basis of elastic fibers following depositio ...
Chapter 8 Introduction to Enzymes and Metabolism
... be referred to by their common names. Enzyme common names are derived by taking the name of the substrate that the enzyme works on, and adding ‘-ase’ to the end. Examples: a. Cellulases: Enzymes that break down cellulose. b. Amylases: Enzymes that break down starch. c. Lipases: Enzymes that break do ...
... be referred to by their common names. Enzyme common names are derived by taking the name of the substrate that the enzyme works on, and adding ‘-ase’ to the end. Examples: a. Cellulases: Enzymes that break down cellulose. b. Amylases: Enzymes that break down starch. c. Lipases: Enzymes that break do ...
Regulation of transcription by Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14-3
... regulation, we investigated the effect of mutation of the BMH genes on the genome-wide transcription profile. Such studies are complicated by the fact that deletion of both BMH genes is lethal in most laboratory strains [12,13]. In our previous study, we constructed a temperature-sensitive bmh2 muta ...
... regulation, we investigated the effect of mutation of the BMH genes on the genome-wide transcription profile. Such studies are complicated by the fact that deletion of both BMH genes is lethal in most laboratory strains [12,13]. In our previous study, we constructed a temperature-sensitive bmh2 muta ...
Gene Section FANCC (Fanconi anaemia complementation group C) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... Part of the FA complex with FANCA, FANCE, FANCF, and FANCG; this complex is only found in the nucleus. FANCA and FANCG form a complex in the cytoplasm, through a N-term FANCA (involving the nuclear localization signal) - FANCG interaction; FANCC join the complex; phosphorylation of FANCA would induc ...
... Part of the FA complex with FANCA, FANCE, FANCF, and FANCG; this complex is only found in the nucleus. FANCA and FANCG form a complex in the cytoplasm, through a N-term FANCA (involving the nuclear localization signal) - FANCG interaction; FANCC join the complex; phosphorylation of FANCA would induc ...
Ctf3p, the Mis6 budding yeast homolog, interacts with Mcm22p and
... Mis6 centromere-binding protein (Saitoh et al. 1997). We present evidence that Ctf3p and two interacting proteins, Mcm22p and Mcm16p, are new outer kinetochore proteins that interact with and localize to CEN DNA. Unlike the role of Mis6 in fission yeast, Ctf3p is not required for Cse4p/CENP-A to bin ...
... Mis6 centromere-binding protein (Saitoh et al. 1997). We present evidence that Ctf3p and two interacting proteins, Mcm22p and Mcm16p, are new outer kinetochore proteins that interact with and localize to CEN DNA. Unlike the role of Mis6 in fission yeast, Ctf3p is not required for Cse4p/CENP-A to bin ...
metabolic regulation
... a temporary (rather than genetic) change in one amino-acid R group of an enzyme protein, should have the potential to alter the 3D structure of the enzyme, and hence alter its activity. ...
... a temporary (rather than genetic) change in one amino-acid R group of an enzyme protein, should have the potential to alter the 3D structure of the enzyme, and hence alter its activity. ...
A single mutation in the core domain of the lac repressor reduces
... amounts of soluble and functional GFP that accumulates in the cell, cell suspension aliquots (1 mL) were pelleted, lysed and the fluorescence contained in the soluble protein fraction measured. As shown in Figure 3B, the same conclusions about the behaviour of the W220F mutation can be derived from ...
... amounts of soluble and functional GFP that accumulates in the cell, cell suspension aliquots (1 mL) were pelleted, lysed and the fluorescence contained in the soluble protein fraction measured. As shown in Figure 3B, the same conclusions about the behaviour of the W220F mutation can be derived from ...
h-Barrel membrane protein folding and structure viewed through the
... The protein complex is mushroom shaped with overall dimensions of 100 Å 100 Å (Fig. 2). The seven-fold noncrystallographic axis of symmetry runs parallel to the channel opening, which spans the entire length of the protein assemblage. At its widest and narrowest points, the channel diameter is 4 ...
... The protein complex is mushroom shaped with overall dimensions of 100 Å 100 Å (Fig. 2). The seven-fold noncrystallographic axis of symmetry runs parallel to the channel opening, which spans the entire length of the protein assemblage. At its widest and narrowest points, the channel diameter is 4 ...
Introduction to 3D-Structure Visualization and Homology Modeling
... domain (or repeat) architecture. 2. Domain: An InterPro domain is an independent structural unit, which can be found alone or in conjunction with other domains or repeats. Domains are evolutionarily related. 3. Repeat: An InterPro repeat is a region that is not expected to fold into a globular domai ...
... domain (or repeat) architecture. 2. Domain: An InterPro domain is an independent structural unit, which can be found alone or in conjunction with other domains or repeats. Domains are evolutionarily related. 3. Repeat: An InterPro repeat is a region that is not expected to fold into a globular domai ...
Chromatin-Remodeling and Memory Factors
... Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (L.H., W.G.) The establishment and heritable maintenance of specific epigenetic states that lead to differential gene expression are crucial for cell differentiation and development. Over the past few years, it has become apparent that epigenetic cont ...
... Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (L.H., W.G.) The establishment and heritable maintenance of specific epigenetic states that lead to differential gene expression are crucial for cell differentiation and development. Over the past few years, it has become apparent that epigenetic cont ...
enzymes - UniMAP Portal
... • In a series of experiments at the University of Berlin, he found that the sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture. • He named the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose "zymase". • In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his bioche ...
... • In a series of experiments at the University of Berlin, he found that the sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture. • He named the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose "zymase". • In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his bioche ...
Role for Adenosine Triphosphate in Regulating the Assembly and
... Labeling of Ceils. Cells were maintained, infected with VSV, and labeled with [35S]methionine as previously described in detail (Balch et al., 1986). Briefly, confluent monolayers of 15B cells were infected with either wildtype or ts045 VSV. After 45 min at 32~ the cells were placed in a 37"C (wild ...
... Labeling of Ceils. Cells were maintained, infected with VSV, and labeled with [35S]methionine as previously described in detail (Balch et al., 1986). Briefly, confluent monolayers of 15B cells were infected with either wildtype or ts045 VSV. After 45 min at 32~ the cells were placed in a 37"C (wild ...
The Xanthomonas Type III Effector XopD Targets the
... Dangl, 2006). A second defense layer involves molecular recognition of microbial type III effectors (T3Es) that are injected into plant cells and may have evolved to suppress PAMP-triggered immunity and promote successful infection (Alfano and Collmer, 2004; Chisholm et al., 2006). During evolution, ...
... Dangl, 2006). A second defense layer involves molecular recognition of microbial type III effectors (T3Es) that are injected into plant cells and may have evolved to suppress PAMP-triggered immunity and promote successful infection (Alfano and Collmer, 2004; Chisholm et al., 2006). During evolution, ...
instructions on the annotation of pdf files
... boundaries that may differ in the two databases. We also required that each domain is formed by a continuous sequence of 50–300 residues and is, thus, in the range where ACO and chain length were shown to have predictive value. Finally, we only considered two-domain proteins in which the combined le ...
... boundaries that may differ in the two databases. We also required that each domain is formed by a continuous sequence of 50–300 residues and is, thus, in the range where ACO and chain length were shown to have predictive value. Finally, we only considered two-domain proteins in which the combined le ...
(PPI) node degrees with SNP counts
... Initial results: The previous query was used to derive correlations between degree values and SNP counts per gene for every gene in the PPI network: Degree SNP Class Genes Mean Mean Correlation All ...
... Initial results: The previous query was used to derive correlations between degree values and SNP counts per gene for every gene in the PPI network: Degree SNP Class Genes Mean Mean Correlation All ...
Amphioxus Evx Genes: Implications for the Evolution of the Midbrain–Hindbrain
... intron at position 46/47 of the homeodomain. This was AmphiEvxA. A genomic walk was undertaken from the ends of clone M1917. The walk 5⬘ of AmphiEvxA produced no specific signals on the cosmid libraries, but the 3⬘ walk led to the isolation of clone F1654 (library MPMGc118), with further walking giv ...
... intron at position 46/47 of the homeodomain. This was AmphiEvxA. A genomic walk was undertaken from the ends of clone M1917. The walk 5⬘ of AmphiEvxA produced no specific signals on the cosmid libraries, but the 3⬘ walk led to the isolation of clone F1654 (library MPMGc118), with further walking giv ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.