sites of protein synthesis in nucleoli of root meristematic cells of
... In 0-5-/4 sections of meristematic cells stained with toluidine blue, the nucleolar material exhibits a purplish blue metachromatic colour (Figs. 1-4). The nucleolus often contains a large, unstained space located centrally or paracentrally, the nucleolar vacuole (Figs. 3, 4). The vacuole may be mis ...
... In 0-5-/4 sections of meristematic cells stained with toluidine blue, the nucleolar material exhibits a purplish blue metachromatic colour (Figs. 1-4). The nucleolus often contains a large, unstained space located centrally or paracentrally, the nucleolar vacuole (Figs. 3, 4). The vacuole may be mis ...
Signal Perception and Transduction: The Origin of
... signal can tweak the surface into a new shape. The signal transduction pathway, visualized as a ball tracking across this landscape, must continually change routes as conditions change so that it ends up at the same place and thus achieves the objective of a similar physiological response. Once a re ...
... signal can tweak the surface into a new shape. The signal transduction pathway, visualized as a ball tracking across this landscape, must continually change routes as conditions change so that it ends up at the same place and thus achieves the objective of a similar physiological response. Once a re ...
Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Syntrophic Hypothesis
... Initially, the establishment of permanent consortia, accompanied by extensive membrane development and close cell–cell interactions, led to a highly evolved symbiotic structure already endowed with some primitive eukaryotic features, such as a complex membrane system defining a protonuclear space (c ...
... Initially, the establishment of permanent consortia, accompanied by extensive membrane development and close cell–cell interactions, led to a highly evolved symbiotic structure already endowed with some primitive eukaryotic features, such as a complex membrane system defining a protonuclear space (c ...
Cofactor requirement of ribosome-inactivating
... linked to a B-chain able to bind to cell surface receptors on target cells. Type 1 RIPs are widely distributed in higher plants and many plants produce several RIPs, similar but not identical to each other (possibly isoenzymes), either present within the same organ or in different organs (reviewed i ...
... linked to a B-chain able to bind to cell surface receptors on target cells. Type 1 RIPs are widely distributed in higher plants and many plants produce several RIPs, similar but not identical to each other (possibly isoenzymes), either present within the same organ or in different organs (reviewed i ...
trisphosphate specifically interacts with the phox homology domain
... PtdIns(4,5)P2 as its substrate, resulting in a high level of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in cells (Auger et al., 1989; Vanhaesebroeck et al., 2001). With the obtained knowledge that PLD1PX has a high affinity for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in vitro, we wanted to examine whether this interaction occurs also in vivo. Theref ...
... PtdIns(4,5)P2 as its substrate, resulting in a high level of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in cells (Auger et al., 1989; Vanhaesebroeck et al., 2001). With the obtained knowledge that PLD1PX has a high affinity for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in vitro, we wanted to examine whether this interaction occurs also in vivo. Theref ...
Role of cryo-ET in membrane bioenergetics research
... Abstract To truly understand bioenergetic processes such as ATP synthesis, membrane-bound substrate transport or flagellar rotation, systems need to be analysed in a cellular context. Cryo-ET (cryo-electron tomography) is an essential part of this process, as it is currently the only technique which ...
... Abstract To truly understand bioenergetic processes such as ATP synthesis, membrane-bound substrate transport or flagellar rotation, systems need to be analysed in a cellular context. Cryo-ET (cryo-electron tomography) is an essential part of this process, as it is currently the only technique which ...
A Late Mitotic Regulatory Network Controlling
... Shirayama et al., 1998). Similar evidence suggests that HCT1 promotes the destruction of Clb2 and Ase1 but not that of Pds1 (Schwab et al., 1997; Visintin et al., 1997). The regulation of these putative specificity factors is not well understood, although recent studies suggest that Cdc20 may be reg ...
... Shirayama et al., 1998). Similar evidence suggests that HCT1 promotes the destruction of Clb2 and Ase1 but not that of Pds1 (Schwab et al., 1997; Visintin et al., 1997). The regulation of these putative specificity factors is not well understood, although recent studies suggest that Cdc20 may be reg ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676.
... The sample was placed in a hydrolysis tube and left until was dried using rotary evaporator. The expunged water is to avoid the dilution of the hydrolyzing acid.10cm3 of Hydrolysis Solution was added per 0.05mg of lyophilized protein. The sample tubes were frozen in a dry ice-acetone bath, and flame ...
... The sample was placed in a hydrolysis tube and left until was dried using rotary evaporator. The expunged water is to avoid the dilution of the hydrolyzing acid.10cm3 of Hydrolysis Solution was added per 0.05mg of lyophilized protein. The sample tubes were frozen in a dry ice-acetone bath, and flame ...
CDK11p58 kinase activity is required to protect sister chromatid
... at centromeres . The benefits of such a mechanism are not clear but it is thought that removing most of the cohesin from chromatin may allow to build up a stock of intact soluble cohesin that will be readily usable during the early steps of the next cell cycle . Individualizing condensed chromosome ...
... at centromeres . The benefits of such a mechanism are not clear but it is thought that removing most of the cohesin from chromatin may allow to build up a stock of intact soluble cohesin that will be readily usable during the early steps of the next cell cycle . Individualizing condensed chromosome ...
The Carboxyl Terminus of the Prolactin
... also express these PDZ domain proteins. We thus demonstrate that PrRP receptor interacts with the same PDZ domain proteins as the AMPA-Rs, raising the possibility that these two proteins could be scaffolded together at the synapse. These results may help to gain important insights into PrRP function ...
... also express these PDZ domain proteins. We thus demonstrate that PrRP receptor interacts with the same PDZ domain proteins as the AMPA-Rs, raising the possibility that these two proteins could be scaffolded together at the synapse. These results may help to gain important insights into PrRP function ...
Visualization of Intracellular Transport of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
... region and found that it plays an important role in VSV RNA synthesis and assembly of infectious particles (7). In that study, we also demonstrated that insertion of 19 amino acids (aa) within the hinge region of the protein (Fig. 1A) has no significant adverse effects on virus replication (7). In t ...
... region and found that it plays an important role in VSV RNA synthesis and assembly of infectious particles (7). In that study, we also demonstrated that insertion of 19 amino acids (aa) within the hinge region of the protein (Fig. 1A) has no significant adverse effects on virus replication (7). In t ...
Ribosome-tethered molecular chaperones
... prokaryotic and eukaryotic chaperones have evolved to associate specifically with ribosomes and bind to polypeptide chains that have just emerged from the tunnel. In addition, non-ribosome-bound chaperones act on longer nascent chains, either during the process of translation, or after they have bee ...
... prokaryotic and eukaryotic chaperones have evolved to associate specifically with ribosomes and bind to polypeptide chains that have just emerged from the tunnel. In addition, non-ribosome-bound chaperones act on longer nascent chains, either during the process of translation, or after they have bee ...
Assembly and function of cell surface structures of the
... The first eight N-terminal residues of the A. ambivalens 110 kDa protein were SNQGVISAV (suppl. Figure SF1). A comparison with the partially available genome sequence of A. ambivalens matched with the deduced amino acid sequence of a short fragment. After extension of the nucleotide sequence by inve ...
... The first eight N-terminal residues of the A. ambivalens 110 kDa protein were SNQGVISAV (suppl. Figure SF1). A comparison with the partially available genome sequence of A. ambivalens matched with the deduced amino acid sequence of a short fragment. After extension of the nucleotide sequence by inve ...
Proteases and proteolytic cleavage of storage
... A third group of constraints which have most certainly played a role in the evolution of these proteins, as well as the proteases that degrade them, are those imposed by storage protein reactivation. The storage proteins must be made susceptible to proteolytic attack by appropriate structural change ...
... A third group of constraints which have most certainly played a role in the evolution of these proteins, as well as the proteases that degrade them, are those imposed by storage protein reactivation. The storage proteins must be made susceptible to proteolytic attack by appropriate structural change ...
Biological membranes - Essays in Biochemistry
... Dobberstein in the 1970s. These scientists proposed that there is a ‘binding factor’ which recognizes the emerging protein chain and can dock the ribosome at the ER membrane. We now know that there is an N-terminal signal sequence within membrane proteins. These signal sequences are not identical bu ...
... Dobberstein in the 1970s. These scientists proposed that there is a ‘binding factor’ which recognizes the emerging protein chain and can dock the ribosome at the ER membrane. We now know that there is an N-terminal signal sequence within membrane proteins. These signal sequences are not identical bu ...
Transport of virally expressed green fluorescent protein through the
... lowest levels (Fig. 5a, lanes 5±3 and 9±7). There also appeared to be substantially less GFP in PVX.sp-GFPand PVX.sp-GFP-K-infected tissue relative to the amount of virus present and compared to the PVX.GFP control. It was thought that a proportion of the GFP in the endomembrane system or the extrac ...
... lowest levels (Fig. 5a, lanes 5±3 and 9±7). There also appeared to be substantially less GFP in PVX.sp-GFPand PVX.sp-GFP-K-infected tissue relative to the amount of virus present and compared to the PVX.GFP control. It was thought that a proportion of the GFP in the endomembrane system or the extrac ...
Evaluation of Different Solvent Types on the Extraction of
... essential amino acids which are mostly equivalent or even better with that of other higher plant (Spolaore et al., 2006). It was found that their amino acid composition does not significantly affected by changes in environmental conditions (Blackburn and Volkman, 2012). Apart from that, the farming ...
... essential amino acids which are mostly equivalent or even better with that of other higher plant (Spolaore et al., 2006). It was found that their amino acid composition does not significantly affected by changes in environmental conditions (Blackburn and Volkman, 2012). Apart from that, the farming ...
Calcium Homeostasis in Plants: Role of Calcium Binding Proteins in
... mechanism of 'transfer' of this information from outer surface to the core controlling units has been an active area of research since past few decades. Abundant reports do exit in literature, which support a kind of 'cascading mechanism' for this purpose. It is now a well-established fact that a di ...
... mechanism of 'transfer' of this information from outer surface to the core controlling units has been an active area of research since past few decades. Abundant reports do exit in literature, which support a kind of 'cascading mechanism' for this purpose. It is now a well-established fact that a di ...
The DsbA Signal Sequence Directs Efficient
... be imagined that cytoplasmic proteins, in contrast to, for example, periplasmic proteins, have evolved to fold more rapidly and to avoid antifolding factors. For example, it has been shown that when the signal sequence of the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase (PhoAss) is fused directly to the ...
... be imagined that cytoplasmic proteins, in contrast to, for example, periplasmic proteins, have evolved to fold more rapidly and to avoid antifolding factors. For example, it has been shown that when the signal sequence of the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase (PhoAss) is fused directly to the ...
Intercourse Between Cell Wall and Cytoplasm Exemplified by
... and will be referred to here as active Yariv, whereas phenylglycosides containing β-d-mannose or α-d-glucose bind with low affinity, if at all, and will be referred to here as inactive Yariv. Initially, active Yariv reagent was used to purify and quantify arabinogalactan proteins and to localize the ...
... and will be referred to here as active Yariv, whereas phenylglycosides containing β-d-mannose or α-d-glucose bind with low affinity, if at all, and will be referred to here as inactive Yariv. Initially, active Yariv reagent was used to purify and quantify arabinogalactan proteins and to localize the ...
Translation of an integral membrane protein in distal dendrites of
... Maintenance of synaptic plasticity requires protein translation. Because changes in synaptic strength are regulated at the level of individual synapses, a mechanism is required for newly translated proteins to specifically and persistently modify only a subset of synapses. Evidence suggests this may ...
... Maintenance of synaptic plasticity requires protein translation. Because changes in synaptic strength are regulated at the level of individual synapses, a mechanism is required for newly translated proteins to specifically and persistently modify only a subset of synapses. Evidence suggests this may ...
Implications for Cancer Biology
... by both extracellular signals, such as growth factors, and intracellular signals, such as nutrients. We discuss how mutations amplifying either type of signal can lead to tumor formation. In particular, we focus on the recent discovery that a tumor suppressor complex whose function is lost in tubero ...
... by both extracellular signals, such as growth factors, and intracellular signals, such as nutrients. We discuss how mutations amplifying either type of signal can lead to tumor formation. In particular, we focus on the recent discovery that a tumor suppressor complex whose function is lost in tubero ...
The Impact of Non-Enzymatic Reactions and Enzyme Promiscuity on
... the derivatives in a stereospecific manner. Of them, MsrA and MsrB are highly conserved and reduce the S-sulfoxide and the R-sulfoxide residues, respectively, predominantly within a protein context [45]. MsrC (also named fRMsr) is only present in prokaryotes [46] and in some eukaryotes [47], and has ...
... the derivatives in a stereospecific manner. Of them, MsrA and MsrB are highly conserved and reduce the S-sulfoxide and the R-sulfoxide residues, respectively, predominantly within a protein context [45]. MsrC (also named fRMsr) is only present in prokaryotes [46] and in some eukaryotes [47], and has ...
Bacteria-host relationship: ubiquitin ligases as weapons of
... of another Ub [18]. In fact, distinct structural features of different poly-Ub chains define the recognition of ubiquitylated substrates by specific cellular receptors [19]. As a consequence, modification of cellular proteins by Ub signals is associated with varied physiological outcomes. For exampl ...
... of another Ub [18]. In fact, distinct structural features of different poly-Ub chains define the recognition of ubiquitylated substrates by specific cellular receptors [19]. As a consequence, modification of cellular proteins by Ub signals is associated with varied physiological outcomes. For exampl ...
PROTEIN METABOLISM
... the general nature of the genetic code came from many types of experiments, including genetic experiments on the effects of deletion and insertion mutations. Inserting or deleting one base pair (shown here in the mRNA transcript) alters the sequence of triplets in a nonoverlapping code; all amino ac ...
... the general nature of the genetic code came from many types of experiments, including genetic experiments on the effects of deletion and insertion mutations. Inserting or deleting one base pair (shown here in the mRNA transcript) alters the sequence of triplets in a nonoverlapping code; all amino ac ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.