Biological energy
... • Concept 54.2: Physical and chemical factors limit primary production in ecosystems • Primary production in an ecosystem – Is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given ...
... • Concept 54.2: Physical and chemical factors limit primary production in ecosystems • Primary production in an ecosystem – Is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given ...
Document
... Now this is where we need to take a look at what the TCA does and how it can be utilized. There are many products that can be made from intermediates in the TCA. Take a look at oxaloacetate, for instance. Now remember, I told you that it is simply deaminated aspartic acid but you can make aspartic a ...
... Now this is where we need to take a look at what the TCA does and how it can be utilized. There are many products that can be made from intermediates in the TCA. Take a look at oxaloacetate, for instance. Now remember, I told you that it is simply deaminated aspartic acid but you can make aspartic a ...
Electron Transport Chain - mr-youssef-mci
... Electron Transport Chain Overview The ETC removes energy stored in the NADH and FADH2 molecules to: 1. create a proton gradient across the inner ...
... Electron Transport Chain Overview The ETC removes energy stored in the NADH and FADH2 molecules to: 1. create a proton gradient across the inner ...
Preview Sample 1 - Test Bank, Manual Solution, Solution Manual
... 17. This is the type of bond that holds water molecules together A) Nonpolar covalent B) Polar covalent C) Hydrogen D) Ionic E) Atomic Ans: C 18. Please describe a hydrogen bond. Ans: Hydrogen bonds form between the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged atom, m ...
... 17. This is the type of bond that holds water molecules together A) Nonpolar covalent B) Polar covalent C) Hydrogen D) Ionic E) Atomic Ans: C 18. Please describe a hydrogen bond. Ans: Hydrogen bonds form between the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged atom, m ...
AP Biology Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Guided Notes
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to __________, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an __________ _______ during cellular respiration • Each _______ ...
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to __________, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an __________ _______ during cellular respiration • Each _______ ...
Lecture-Oxidative Phsphorylation
... What is mitochondria? 2 membranes: Inner - only permeable to O2, H2O transporters req’d for ATP, Pi, pyruvate, etc. folding increases surface area (site of ox. phos. machinery) Matrix contains: citric acid cycle enzymes Fatty acid oxidation enzymes (discuss later) ...
... What is mitochondria? 2 membranes: Inner - only permeable to O2, H2O transporters req’d for ATP, Pi, pyruvate, etc. folding increases surface area (site of ox. phos. machinery) Matrix contains: citric acid cycle enzymes Fatty acid oxidation enzymes (discuss later) ...
15. The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in
... atoms. ② Configuration at carbon atom number four of pyranose ring of glucose has been inverted. - Not metabolized by the body (no calories) - Some report for its toxicity ...
... atoms. ② Configuration at carbon atom number four of pyranose ring of glucose has been inverted. - Not metabolized by the body (no calories) - Some report for its toxicity ...
7.1 Describing Reactions
... of sulfur, as shown in Figure 6. The mass of one mole of a substance is called a molar mass. For an element, the molar mass is the same as its atomic mass expressed in grams. For example, the atomic mass of carbon is 12.0 amu, so the molar mass of carbon is 12.0 grams. For a compound, you can calcul ...
... of sulfur, as shown in Figure 6. The mass of one mole of a substance is called a molar mass. For an element, the molar mass is the same as its atomic mass expressed in grams. For example, the atomic mass of carbon is 12.0 amu, so the molar mass of carbon is 12.0 grams. For a compound, you can calcul ...
H 2 O 2
... protons are pumped across the membrane, but they re-enter the matrix using some other way than that represented by ATP synthase. The free energy derived from oxidation of substrates appears as heat.. There are four types of artificial or natural uncouplers: ...
... protons are pumped across the membrane, but they re-enter the matrix using some other way than that represented by ATP synthase. The free energy derived from oxidation of substrates appears as heat.. There are four types of artificial or natural uncouplers: ...
PDF - Oxford Academic
... under phototrophic conditions, there were only minor alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in sugar and carboxylic acid metabolism (Table I). Desalting of the extracts of Aphanocapsa 6714 on Sephadex G25 caused little changes in enzyme activity. There was slight variation observed betwee ...
... under phototrophic conditions, there were only minor alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in sugar and carboxylic acid metabolism (Table I). Desalting of the extracts of Aphanocapsa 6714 on Sephadex G25 caused little changes in enzyme activity. There was slight variation observed betwee ...
23. Respiratory System - Academic Computer Center
... mitochondria. Oxygen is used to oxidize organic molecules and provide ATP (energy). External respiration and pulmonary ventilation will be our main concerns in this chapter, although we will also consider some aspects of internal respiration. Cellular respiration is addressed in Chapter 3. I. Introd ...
... mitochondria. Oxygen is used to oxidize organic molecules and provide ATP (energy). External respiration and pulmonary ventilation will be our main concerns in this chapter, although we will also consider some aspects of internal respiration. Cellular respiration is addressed in Chapter 3. I. Introd ...
TOPIC 5 Energy for biological processes 5.1 Cellular respiration
... 3C sugar in glycolysis while 5 hydrogen atoms are passed into the electron transport chain from each 3C pyruvate molecule that enters Krebs cycle; aerobic respiration involves complete oxidation of glucose ...
... 3C sugar in glycolysis while 5 hydrogen atoms are passed into the electron transport chain from each 3C pyruvate molecule that enters Krebs cycle; aerobic respiration involves complete oxidation of glucose ...
Lecture 20
... compound that can be broken down for energy and used to regenerate ATP • Anaerobic reaction (doesn’t use oxygen) • Used during very intense, short bouts of activity such as lifting, jumping, and sprinting ...
... compound that can be broken down for energy and used to regenerate ATP • Anaerobic reaction (doesn’t use oxygen) • Used during very intense, short bouts of activity such as lifting, jumping, and sprinting ...
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
... 14. Which of the following cofactors is required for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle? A) ATP B) Biotin C) FAD D) NAD+ E) NADP+ 15. The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields _____ mol of NADH, ...
... 14. Which of the following cofactors is required for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle? A) ATP B) Biotin C) FAD D) NAD+ E) NADP+ 15. The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields _____ mol of NADH, ...
Growing the Best Phalaenopsis
... LIGHT Light intensity should be controlled throughout the phalaenopsis production cycle. Lower than desirable light levels result in long thin leaves. This requires shading during most of the year, except possibly during the winter in northern climates. Except in northern latitudes (such as in north ...
... LIGHT Light intensity should be controlled throughout the phalaenopsis production cycle. Lower than desirable light levels result in long thin leaves. This requires shading during most of the year, except possibly during the winter in northern climates. Except in northern latitudes (such as in north ...
Bioenergetics and ioenergetics and Metabolism etabolism
... molecular oxygen is used to oxidize the coenzymes, which are reduced in the other 4 pathways, with the production of water and the conversion of ADP plus phosphate into ATP. One of the 5 energy-supplying processes, the glycolytic pathway, can be distinguished from the others because it is capable of ...
... molecular oxygen is used to oxidize the coenzymes, which are reduced in the other 4 pathways, with the production of water and the conversion of ADP plus phosphate into ATP. One of the 5 energy-supplying processes, the glycolytic pathway, can be distinguished from the others because it is capable of ...
Chapter 13 - TCA Cycle
... The outer membrane is leaky and lets pyruvate from glycolysis pass through. The inner membrane contains a transporter to move pyruvate into the matrix. ...
... The outer membrane is leaky and lets pyruvate from glycolysis pass through. The inner membrane contains a transporter to move pyruvate into the matrix. ...
Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts
... The Citrate Cycle Captures Energy Using Redox Reactions The citrate cycle is central to aerobic metabolism and ATP production because it contains four dehydrogenase reactions that generate NADH and FADH2 that are reoxidized by the electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP by Figure 1 ...
... The Citrate Cycle Captures Energy Using Redox Reactions The citrate cycle is central to aerobic metabolism and ATP production because it contains four dehydrogenase reactions that generate NADH and FADH2 that are reoxidized by the electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP by Figure 1 ...
Metabolism & Enzymes - Revere Local Schools
... More accurate model of enzyme action 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit ...
... More accurate model of enzyme action 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.