Ch 4 Student
... Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield Solution Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry Types of Aqueous Solutions and Solubility ...
... Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield Solution Concentration and Solution Stoichiometry Types of Aqueous Solutions and Solubility ...
Enzymes are macromolecules that help accelerate (catalyze
... 4. Substrates are bound to enzymes by multiple weak interactions. Stated above 5. The specificity of binding depends on the precise defined arrangement of atoms in the active site. Because the enzyme and the substrate interact by means of short-range forces that require close contact, a substrate mu ...
... 4. Substrates are bound to enzymes by multiple weak interactions. Stated above 5. The specificity of binding depends on the precise defined arrangement of atoms in the active site. Because the enzyme and the substrate interact by means of short-range forces that require close contact, a substrate mu ...
plant lesson
... produced by a diploid plant termed a sporophyte through meiosis. Plants together with the Charophycean green algae form a clade. The Charophycean green algae do not have an alternation of generations, but have zygotic meiosis. The sporophytic generation in plants can be thought of as an adaptation f ...
... produced by a diploid plant termed a sporophyte through meiosis. Plants together with the Charophycean green algae form a clade. The Charophycean green algae do not have an alternation of generations, but have zygotic meiosis. The sporophytic generation in plants can be thought of as an adaptation f ...
Chapters11-Glycolysis-2014
... In hard-working muscle, sometimes we can’t provide O2 fast enough so pyruvate is quickly reduced to L-lactate to keep ...
... In hard-working muscle, sometimes we can’t provide O2 fast enough so pyruvate is quickly reduced to L-lactate to keep ...
17_Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and Krebs cycle
... oxidatively decarboxylated and five-carbon -ketoglutarate is formed. -ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to yield a fourcarbon succinate. Oxaloacetate is then regenerated from succinate. ...
... oxidatively decarboxylated and five-carbon -ketoglutarate is formed. -ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to yield a fourcarbon succinate. Oxaloacetate is then regenerated from succinate. ...
botany - Textbooks Online
... importance was given to either natural or phylogenetic relationships among different groups of plants. Natural system In this system of classification, plants are classified based on their natural affinities. More number of characters are taken into consideration in this system. It is mainly based o ...
... importance was given to either natural or phylogenetic relationships among different groups of plants. Natural system In this system of classification, plants are classified based on their natural affinities. More number of characters are taken into consideration in this system. It is mainly based o ...
Cellular Respiration Part V: Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
NVC Bio 120 lect 9 cell respiration
... Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy ( ...
... Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy ( ...
Exam#2-`95
... 4. Molecular oxygen has the highest reduction potential of all molecules involved in the electron transport chain. 5. Lactate diffuses through the sarcolemma of muscle to get into blood. 6. For every 2 molecules of acetyl CoA produced, carbohydrate catabolism yields more net ATP than fat catabolism. ...
... 4. Molecular oxygen has the highest reduction potential of all molecules involved in the electron transport chain. 5. Lactate diffuses through the sarcolemma of muscle to get into blood. 6. For every 2 molecules of acetyl CoA produced, carbohydrate catabolism yields more net ATP than fat catabolism. ...
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism
... Note that H+ is produced in this reaction. You will see H+ ions as products in many of the reactions in this chapter. Keep in mind that the H+ ions that are produced in aqueous solutions do not remain solvated as isolated ions; they quickly react with water to form H3O+. Alternatively, H+ can react ...
... Note that H+ is produced in this reaction. You will see H+ ions as products in many of the reactions in this chapter. Keep in mind that the H+ ions that are produced in aqueous solutions do not remain solvated as isolated ions; they quickly react with water to form H3O+. Alternatively, H+ can react ...
Protein mteabolism
... Aminotransferases are normally intracellular enzymes, and found only in low levels in plasma. The presence of elevated plasma levels of aminotransferases indicates damage of cells rich in these enzymes. e.g. ALT and AST are present in liver, so their elevation in blood indicate liver cell damage suc ...
... Aminotransferases are normally intracellular enzymes, and found only in low levels in plasma. The presence of elevated plasma levels of aminotransferases indicates damage of cells rich in these enzymes. e.g. ALT and AST are present in liver, so their elevation in blood indicate liver cell damage suc ...
Appendix N CONCENTRATION UNITS
... to determine masses of reactants and products during the reaction. We will use stoichiometry to allow us to predict the mass of a reactant or product using a balanced equation. Balanced Equations Chemical equations may take many forms. The statement above that iron oxide reacts with charcoal to prod ...
... to determine masses of reactants and products during the reaction. We will use stoichiometry to allow us to predict the mass of a reactant or product using a balanced equation. Balanced Equations Chemical equations may take many forms. The statement above that iron oxide reacts with charcoal to prod ...
05 Fermentations 2008
... • Higher product yield (less ATP → less biomass) (100 g ethanol / 250 g glucose) = 78% molar conv. eff ...
... • Higher product yield (less ATP → less biomass) (100 g ethanol / 250 g glucose) = 78% molar conv. eff ...
Document
... 18. Oxidative Phosphorylation The NADH and FADH2 formed in glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are energy-rich molecules because each contains a pair of electrons having a high transfer potential. When these electrons are used to reduce molecular oxygen to water, a large amou ...
... 18. Oxidative Phosphorylation The NADH and FADH2 formed in glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are energy-rich molecules because each contains a pair of electrons having a high transfer potential. When these electrons are used to reduce molecular oxygen to water, a large amou ...
1 Characteristics of Living Things
... one or more cells. A cell is a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life. The membrane that surrounds a cell separates the contents of the cell from the cell’s environment. Most cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Some organisms are made up of tr ...
... one or more cells. A cell is a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life. The membrane that surrounds a cell separates the contents of the cell from the cell’s environment. Most cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Some organisms are made up of tr ...
www.studyguide.pk MARK SCHEME for the October/November question paper 9700 BIOLOGY
... thin / flat to give large surface area to volume ratio ; held at right angles to sun to allow max. light absorption ; ref. to arrangement of cells in palisade mesophyll ; ref. to spongy mesophyll large surface area for CO2 uptake / gaseous exchange ...
... thin / flat to give large surface area to volume ratio ; held at right angles to sun to allow max. light absorption ; ref. to arrangement of cells in palisade mesophyll ; ref. to spongy mesophyll large surface area for CO2 uptake / gaseous exchange ...
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
... 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Bonds break and form during chemical reactions. • Chemical reactions change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds. – 1. Reactants: Substances changed by a chemical reaction. – 2. Direction of the reaction – 3. Products: Substances forme ...
... 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Bonds break and form during chemical reactions. • Chemical reactions change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds. – 1. Reactants: Substances changed by a chemical reaction. – 2. Direction of the reaction – 3. Products: Substances forme ...
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
... 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Bonds break and form during chemical reactions. • Chemical reactions change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds. – 1. Reactants: Substances changed by a chemical reaction. – 2. Direction of the reaction – 3. Products: Substances forme ...
... 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Bonds break and form during chemical reactions. • Chemical reactions change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds. – 1. Reactants: Substances changed by a chemical reaction. – 2. Direction of the reaction – 3. Products: Substances forme ...
Score A_c5_17022012
... The last electron acceptor is oxygen molecule. Oxygen will be reduced to form water. ...
... The last electron acceptor is oxygen molecule. Oxygen will be reduced to form water. ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 1 2 3 4
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
Chapter 6
... – Prokaryotes generate H+ gradients across their plasma membrane. • They can use this proton-motive force not only to generate ATP but also to pump nutrients and waste products across the membrane and to rotate their flagella. ...
... – Prokaryotes generate H+ gradients across their plasma membrane. • They can use this proton-motive force not only to generate ATP but also to pump nutrients and waste products across the membrane and to rotate their flagella. ...
Microbial Electrolytic Carbon Capture for Carbon
... atmosphere, either in combination with biomass combustion/ energy production, BECCS16 or using base solvent absorption17−19 or solid sorbent adsorption.20,21 Generally, these are even more energy intensive and costly than point-source CO2 mitigation.22 However, a variety of potentially cheaper and h ...
... atmosphere, either in combination with biomass combustion/ energy production, BECCS16 or using base solvent absorption17−19 or solid sorbent adsorption.20,21 Generally, these are even more energy intensive and costly than point-source CO2 mitigation.22 However, a variety of potentially cheaper and h ...
Lecture 3 - Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
... Pyruvic acid is more oxidized than glucose The energy released from the oxidation is used to create 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 Pi This is an anaerobic process. Under anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to ethanol plus CO2. Under aerobic conditions, gluco ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.