"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial
... in lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus), pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Other microorganisms that use the EMP pathway have the capacity to convert pyruvate to a wide variety of other fermentation end products. These fermentation pathways are discussed in more detail in C ...
... in lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus), pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Other microorganisms that use the EMP pathway have the capacity to convert pyruvate to a wide variety of other fermentation end products. These fermentation pathways are discussed in more detail in C ...
Biochemistry of Sulfur
... SOR structure and mechanism: Hollow globular particles of 15.5 nm in diameter appeared in electron microscopic pictures of the purified Ac. ambivalens SOR (Fig. 2). X-ray crystallographic analysis to 1.7 Å resolution showed that the SOR is a spherical homo-icosatetramer (i.e. 24 subunits). It surrou ...
... SOR structure and mechanism: Hollow globular particles of 15.5 nm in diameter appeared in electron microscopic pictures of the purified Ac. ambivalens SOR (Fig. 2). X-ray crystallographic analysis to 1.7 Å resolution showed that the SOR is a spherical homo-icosatetramer (i.e. 24 subunits). It surrou ...
File
... • Without other microorganisms, we would have fewer foods to eat. Bacteria turn milk into yogurt. They also help produce certain kinds of cheese. Yeast is a fungus that makes bread rise. ...
... • Without other microorganisms, we would have fewer foods to eat. Bacteria turn milk into yogurt. They also help produce certain kinds of cheese. Yeast is a fungus that makes bread rise. ...
biochemistry - Louis Bolk Institute
... Green plants reduce carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen in the process called photosynthesis. They build up their organism with the carbohydrates formed in photosynthesis and release oxygen. This is a reductive, anabolic process in the plant using external sunlight as the energy sou ...
... Green plants reduce carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen in the process called photosynthesis. They build up their organism with the carbohydrates formed in photosynthesis and release oxygen. This is a reductive, anabolic process in the plant using external sunlight as the energy sou ...
Study of the distribution of autotrophic CO2 fixation
... hydroxybutyrate cycle pyruvate synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase are the two carboxylating enzymes. Yet the regeneration of acetyl-CoA, the primary CO2 acceptor, from succinyl-CoA is similar in both pathways. Succinyl-CoA is reduced to 4-hydroxybutyrate, which is activated to 4-hydr ...
... hydroxybutyrate cycle pyruvate synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase are the two carboxylating enzymes. Yet the regeneration of acetyl-CoA, the primary CO2 acceptor, from succinyl-CoA is similar in both pathways. Succinyl-CoA is reduced to 4-hydroxybutyrate, which is activated to 4-hydr ...
Polyp
... • Polyp lays down extensive lipid reserves to be drawn on in times of starvation • High light and high food availability – ejection of pellets containing viable algal cells • Control of algal cell number ? ...
... • Polyp lays down extensive lipid reserves to be drawn on in times of starvation • High light and high food availability – ejection of pellets containing viable algal cells • Control of algal cell number ? ...
The role of ATP in metabolism
... to graduates and undergraduates alike. Free energy is not a conventional type of energy, like thermal or electrical energy, which is conserved according to the first law of thermodynamics. It is a function of state which was introduced by Gibbs as an indirect measure of the net production of entropy ...
... to graduates and undergraduates alike. Free energy is not a conventional type of energy, like thermal or electrical energy, which is conserved according to the first law of thermodynamics. It is a function of state which was introduced by Gibbs as an indirect measure of the net production of entropy ...
Cellular Respiration - MF011 General Biology 2 (May 2011 Semester)
... Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants ...
... Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism Glucose Metabolism Oxidation of Glucose
... Gluconeogenesis ( synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources ) . ...
... Gluconeogenesis ( synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources ) . ...
Krebs cycle
... main limiting steps of TCA. The [OAA] is 1/10 of the other intermediates of TCA. Remember pyruvate carboxylase is anaplerotic. Why AcetylCoA activates pyruvate carboxylase? Do you remember from glycolysis that the active metabolite (glyceraldehyde) is often kept in short supply? Isocitrate dehydroge ...
... main limiting steps of TCA. The [OAA] is 1/10 of the other intermediates of TCA. Remember pyruvate carboxylase is anaplerotic. Why AcetylCoA activates pyruvate carboxylase? Do you remember from glycolysis that the active metabolite (glyceraldehyde) is often kept in short supply? Isocitrate dehydroge ...
Semester One Exam Review
... First Semester Exam Review Topics – Organic Compounds There are four (4) basic types of Organic Compounds. CARBOHYDRATES are Sugars and are universal energy sources! Photosynthesis!! Monosaccharides such as Glucose = Blood Sugar! Benedict’s Test turns Orange ...
... First Semester Exam Review Topics – Organic Compounds There are four (4) basic types of Organic Compounds. CARBOHYDRATES are Sugars and are universal energy sources! Photosynthesis!! Monosaccharides such as Glucose = Blood Sugar! Benedict’s Test turns Orange ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
... Glyceraldehyde‐3‐P and fructose‐6‐P may be converted to glucose‐6‐P, via enzymes of gluconeogenesis, for reentry to Pentose Phosphate Pathway, maximizing formation of NADPH, which is need for reductive biosynthesis. ...
... Glyceraldehyde‐3‐P and fructose‐6‐P may be converted to glucose‐6‐P, via enzymes of gluconeogenesis, for reentry to Pentose Phosphate Pathway, maximizing formation of NADPH, which is need for reductive biosynthesis. ...
Role of Marine Microbes in Carbon and Nutrient Cycles
... zooplankton involving several organisms feeding on each other. We also know that active benthic filter-feeding organisms like mussels or passive suspension feeders like gorgonian corals can use bacterial production and thus become an effective carbon linkage between planktonic and benthic aquatic su ...
... zooplankton involving several organisms feeding on each other. We also know that active benthic filter-feeding organisms like mussels or passive suspension feeders like gorgonian corals can use bacterial production and thus become an effective carbon linkage between planktonic and benthic aquatic su ...
Chem 7250 #1
... the absence of an enzyme catalyst. This kinetic stability is essential to the role of ATP and other compounds with ~ bonds. If ATP would rapidly hydrolyze in the absence of a catalyst, it could not serve its important roles in energy metabolism and phosphate transfer. Phosphate is removed from ATP o ...
... the absence of an enzyme catalyst. This kinetic stability is essential to the role of ATP and other compounds with ~ bonds. If ATP would rapidly hydrolyze in the absence of a catalyst, it could not serve its important roles in energy metabolism and phosphate transfer. Phosphate is removed from ATP o ...
Plants Review and Key
... 21. Label and explain the moss life cycle on the handout. List whether the chromosome number is “n” (haploid) or “2n” (diploid) at all stages. 22. List examples of: vascular plants. 23. Why are they called vascular plants? 24. During alternation of generation of vascular plants is the gametophyte or ...
... 21. Label and explain the moss life cycle on the handout. List whether the chromosome number is “n” (haploid) or “2n” (diploid) at all stages. 22. List examples of: vascular plants. 23. Why are they called vascular plants? 24. During alternation of generation of vascular plants is the gametophyte or ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... should therefore treat this reaction sequence with much respect as we might look through it deep into the biological past. Fitting with the above arguments, the chemical intermediates are exactly the same over all organisms; only the cofactors and enzymes show variations. For example, some bacteria, ...
... should therefore treat this reaction sequence with much respect as we might look through it deep into the biological past. Fitting with the above arguments, the chemical intermediates are exactly the same over all organisms; only the cofactors and enzymes show variations. For example, some bacteria, ...
Plants Fungus and Lichens Review
... 21. Label and explain the moss life cycle on the handout. List whether the chromosome number is “n” (haploid) or “2n” (diploid) at all stages. 22. List examples of: vascular plants. 23. Why are they called vascular plants? 24. During alternation of generation of vascular plants is the gametophyte or ...
... 21. Label and explain the moss life cycle on the handout. List whether the chromosome number is “n” (haploid) or “2n” (diploid) at all stages. 22. List examples of: vascular plants. 23. Why are they called vascular plants? 24. During alternation of generation of vascular plants is the gametophyte or ...
Enzymes 1 and 2
... • Enzymes have a variety of ionizable side chains that determine its secondary and tertiary structure and also affect events in the active site • Substrate may also have ionizable groups • Enzymes are usually active only over a limited range of pH • The effects of pH may be due to effects on Km or V ...
... • Enzymes have a variety of ionizable side chains that determine its secondary and tertiary structure and also affect events in the active site • Substrate may also have ionizable groups • Enzymes are usually active only over a limited range of pH • The effects of pH may be due to effects on Km or V ...
Biology EOC Review Questions
... Euglena are one-celled organisms containing chlorophyll. A culture of Euglena is placed into a beaker in a dark room with a flashlight shining on one side, as show in the diagram. The Euglena gather on one side of the beaker. What can be inferred about Euglena from this experiment? ...
... Euglena are one-celled organisms containing chlorophyll. A culture of Euglena is placed into a beaker in a dark room with a flashlight shining on one side, as show in the diagram. The Euglena gather on one side of the beaker. What can be inferred about Euglena from this experiment? ...
Biology EOC Review Questions
... Euglena are one-celled organisms containing chlorophyll. A culture of Euglena is placed into a beaker in a dark room with a flashlight shining on one side, as show in the diagram. The Euglena gather on one side of the beaker. What can be inferred about Euglena from this experiment? ...
... Euglena are one-celled organisms containing chlorophyll. A culture of Euglena is placed into a beaker in a dark room with a flashlight shining on one side, as show in the diagram. The Euglena gather on one side of the beaker. What can be inferred about Euglena from this experiment? ...
No Slide Title
... human, but this scenario will help us understand this process of respiration in more depth. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 ...
... human, but this scenario will help us understand this process of respiration in more depth. © Boardworks Ltd 2003 ...
Section 4.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
... results from the combustion of fossil fuels. • This is the balanced equation for the combustion of octane (gasoline) • 2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g) ...
... results from the combustion of fossil fuels. • This is the balanced equation for the combustion of octane (gasoline) • 2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g) ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.