video slide - Jackson County School District
... • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy ...
... • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration • Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy ...
... Choice B: A three step biological pathway: A → B → C is found to be spontaneous, yet the difference in the standard energies between compounds A and B is large and positive. Briefly describe both of the possible types of coupling that can be used to make the step from A to B spontaneous. Provide one ...
How to Use Reaction Stoichiometry
... Figure 4.6 (a) When an octane molecule undergoes complete combustion, it forms carbon dioxide and water: one CO2 molecule is formed for each carbon atom present (yellow arrows). (b) However, in a limited supply of oxygen, some of the carbon atoms end up as carbon monoxide molecules, CO, so the yiel ...
... Figure 4.6 (a) When an octane molecule undergoes complete combustion, it forms carbon dioxide and water: one CO2 molecule is formed for each carbon atom present (yellow arrows). (b) However, in a limited supply of oxygen, some of the carbon atoms end up as carbon monoxide molecules, CO, so the yiel ...
6.2 Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen
... Ammonia inhibits the transcription of genes of nitrogenase complex (nif regulon consisting of 7 operons with 20 gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae (Fig. 6.8)). In addition to these genes, nitrogen control genes, ntr, are also involved in their ...
... Ammonia inhibits the transcription of genes of nitrogenase complex (nif regulon consisting of 7 operons with 20 gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae (Fig. 6.8)). In addition to these genes, nitrogen control genes, ntr, are also involved in their ...
Tropical Plant Identifications
... are composed of a dark blue bract, white sepals & bluish-purple “tongue”. The entire “bird” can be as large as 7” high by 18” long and is typically held just above the point where the leaf fan emerges from the trunk. Flowers are followed by triangular seed capsules. ...
... are composed of a dark blue bract, white sepals & bluish-purple “tongue”. The entire “bird” can be as large as 7” high by 18” long and is typically held just above the point where the leaf fan emerges from the trunk. Flowers are followed by triangular seed capsules. ...
2nd Phase of Glycolysis
... In addition to the allosteric effectors, pyruvate kinase is regulated by covalent modification. Hormones such as glucagon activate a cAMP-dependent protein kinase which transfers the γphosphate of ATP to the pyruvate kinase. The phosphorylated pyruvate kinase is more strongly inhibited by ATP and a ...
... In addition to the allosteric effectors, pyruvate kinase is regulated by covalent modification. Hormones such as glucagon activate a cAMP-dependent protein kinase which transfers the γphosphate of ATP to the pyruvate kinase. The phosphorylated pyruvate kinase is more strongly inhibited by ATP and a ...
Nonflowering_Plants
... Bryophytes. Distinguish bryophytes from green algae1 and from other plants. Understand the life cycle of Marchantia, a liverwort, and how it compares with the life cycle of higher plants e.g. gymnosperms and angiosperms. Know the structures of the bryophyte gametophyte and sporophyte and understand ...
... Bryophytes. Distinguish bryophytes from green algae1 and from other plants. Understand the life cycle of Marchantia, a liverwort, and how it compares with the life cycle of higher plants e.g. gymnosperms and angiosperms. Know the structures of the bryophyte gametophyte and sporophyte and understand ...
Ch_9 - Bartlett High School
... How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? What happens during electron transport? Why do electrons NEED to “break th ...
... How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? What happens during electron transport? Why do electrons NEED to “break th ...
Easy-PEAsy seed germination
... to the amount of water and the peas to be added: 1) no water 2) 2ml water 3) 8ml water a) fresh peas b) frozen peas i.e. 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b. The students will take approximately 30 minutes to prepare and set up the experiment and 20 minutes to measure the seedlings, record the results and dis ...
... to the amount of water and the peas to be added: 1) no water 2) 2ml water 3) 8ml water a) fresh peas b) frozen peas i.e. 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a and 3b. The students will take approximately 30 minutes to prepare and set up the experiment and 20 minutes to measure the seedlings, record the results and dis ...
basic biochemistry - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... The chemical intermediates in glycolysis are either ...
... The chemical intermediates in glycolysis are either ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... • The Citric Acid Cycle allows organisms to extract electrons from pyruvate and other Acetyl-CoA precursors for transport to the mitochondria electron transport chain. • One NADH is made converting pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. • Three NADH, one FADH2 & 1 GTP/ATP is made in the citric acid cycle. • The ci ...
... • The Citric Acid Cycle allows organisms to extract electrons from pyruvate and other Acetyl-CoA precursors for transport to the mitochondria electron transport chain. • One NADH is made converting pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. • Three NADH, one FADH2 & 1 GTP/ATP is made in the citric acid cycle. • The ci ...
Oxidative Decarboxylation and Krebs Cycle
... Krebs Cycle Reaction (2) -Oxidation & decarboxylation of KG to succinyl CoA( by KG dehydrogenase complex). The reaction releases CO2 and NADH. ...
... Krebs Cycle Reaction (2) -Oxidation & decarboxylation of KG to succinyl CoA( by KG dehydrogenase complex). The reaction releases CO2 and NADH. ...
Overview of ATP Production
... cells can use the energy of sunlight or energy /calories stored in carbohydrates, they must transfer the energy to molecules of ATP. – ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. – ATP transfers energy to many different chemical reactions; almost all metabolic pathways directly o ...
... cells can use the energy of sunlight or energy /calories stored in carbohydrates, they must transfer the energy to molecules of ATP. – ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. – ATP transfers energy to many different chemical reactions; almost all metabolic pathways directly o ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... Now, it is very important to know the entry of pyruvate into the TCA cycle; pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm and as a product of glycolysis. For entry to TCA cycle, it has to be converted to acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex ...
... Now, it is very important to know the entry of pyruvate into the TCA cycle; pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm and as a product of glycolysis. For entry to TCA cycle, it has to be converted to acetyl CoA. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex ...
Glucose Metabolism
... A. Glucose in the bloodstream comes from the digestion and/or from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. ...
... A. Glucose in the bloodstream comes from the digestion and/or from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. ...
Chapter 16 Glycolysis Control of glycolytic pathway
... At rest (left), glycolysis is not very active). The high concentration of ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase, and hexokinase. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into glycogen During exercise (right), the decrease in the ATP/AMP ratio resulting from muscle contraction activates ph ...
... At rest (left), glycolysis is not very active). The high concentration of ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase, and hexokinase. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into glycogen During exercise (right), the decrease in the ATP/AMP ratio resulting from muscle contraction activates ph ...
Cayuga Lake Algae Growth Summer of 2015
... often start on the bottom and move to the surface as they accumulate gas bubbles during photosynthesis. The sample had very little blue green algae, or cyanobacteria, the only freshwater algae/bacteria demonstrated to produce ...
... often start on the bottom and move to the surface as they accumulate gas bubbles during photosynthesis. The sample had very little blue green algae, or cyanobacteria, the only freshwater algae/bacteria demonstrated to produce ...
I. Plant and Animal Physiology
... the code to protein synthesis.Besides, only plant’s green cells are able to take up the autotrophic function which allows the transformation of mineral matter to organic matter. It is the green chlorophyll contained in plastids of plant cells that gives plants the autotroph property and makes plants ...
... the code to protein synthesis.Besides, only plant’s green cells are able to take up the autotrophic function which allows the transformation of mineral matter to organic matter. It is the green chlorophyll contained in plastids of plant cells that gives plants the autotroph property and makes plants ...
Avicennia germinans
... • arise from nodes of rhizomes or vertical stems • scale leaves—short leaves that protect the delicate growing tips of rhizomes • foliage leaves—long leaves from vertical shoots with 2 parts – sheath that bears no chlorophyll – blade that accomplishes all photosynthesis using chloroplasts in its epi ...
... • arise from nodes of rhizomes or vertical stems • scale leaves—short leaves that protect the delicate growing tips of rhizomes • foliage leaves—long leaves from vertical shoots with 2 parts – sheath that bears no chlorophyll – blade that accomplishes all photosynthesis using chloroplasts in its epi ...
An Introduction to Metabolism and Energetics
... • H atoms of pyruvic acid are removed by coenzymes and are primary source of energy gain • C and O atoms are removed and released as CO2 in the process of ...
... • H atoms of pyruvic acid are removed by coenzymes and are primary source of energy gain • C and O atoms are removed and released as CO2 in the process of ...
Herbaceous Cuttings - NAAE Communities of Practice
... There is little to no water uptake and can lose water to the air ...
... There is little to no water uptake and can lose water to the air ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.