NITROGEN METABOLISM: An Overview
... 3.0mM to 4.OmM; • Most plentiful of these Amino Acids are Glutamine and Alanine that penetrate into the Liver most easily: • Glutamine (0.4mM), • Glutamate (0.23mM), and • Alanine (0.4mM); ...
... 3.0mM to 4.OmM; • Most plentiful of these Amino Acids are Glutamine and Alanine that penetrate into the Liver most easily: • Glutamine (0.4mM), • Glutamate (0.23mM), and • Alanine (0.4mM); ...
CHEMISTRY OF p-ELEMENTS - Львівський національний
... including proteins, nucleic acids, hydrocarbons, enzymes, vitamins. The study of life is known as biological chemistry or biochemistry. Oxygen atoms are present in water (H2O) and water is essential to all life. Oxygen is present in many organic compounds. Most organisms use oxygen for respiration. ...
... including proteins, nucleic acids, hydrocarbons, enzymes, vitamins. The study of life is known as biological chemistry or biochemistry. Oxygen atoms are present in water (H2O) and water is essential to all life. Oxygen is present in many organic compounds. Most organisms use oxygen for respiration. ...
Document
... • Since metabolic pathways occur in cells, it is important to know major parts of an animal cell. • The cell membrane separates the materials inside the cell from the exterior environment. • The nucleus contains DNA that controls cell replication and protein synthesis. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Since metabolic pathways occur in cells, it is important to know major parts of an animal cell. • The cell membrane separates the materials inside the cell from the exterior environment. • The nucleus contains DNA that controls cell replication and protein synthesis. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Chapter 5
... A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain Energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis ...
... A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain Energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis ...
Redox cycling
... Elias Arnér, MD PhD Division of Biochemistry Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics ...
... Elias Arnér, MD PhD Division of Biochemistry Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics ...
THE EVOLUTION OF ACETYL-CoA SYNTHASE 1
... Archaeoglobus fulgidus is a hyperthermophilic archaeon closely related to Methanosarcinales, but it is not able to generate methane (Thauer, 1998; Möller-Zinkhan et al., 1990). Rather, it catabolizes lactate completely to 3CO2 while reducing sulfate to sulfide (Figure 1C). Lactate is oxidized to pyr ...
... Archaeoglobus fulgidus is a hyperthermophilic archaeon closely related to Methanosarcinales, but it is not able to generate methane (Thauer, 1998; Möller-Zinkhan et al., 1990). Rather, it catabolizes lactate completely to 3CO2 while reducing sulfate to sulfide (Figure 1C). Lactate is oxidized to pyr ...
Regulation of metabolic pathways at the cellular level
... • 1) Accumulation of intermediate or final product of a metabolic pathways leads to inhibition - feedback regulation • 2) Intermediate (or product) of one metabolic pathway influences the rate of the other pathway - cross regulation • 3) Intermediate affects one of the following enzyme - feedforward ...
... • 1) Accumulation of intermediate or final product of a metabolic pathways leads to inhibition - feedback regulation • 2) Intermediate (or product) of one metabolic pathway influences the rate of the other pathway - cross regulation • 3) Intermediate affects one of the following enzyme - feedforward ...
Semmelweis University Department of Medical Biochemistry
... *If one block contains 16 and the other one 17 points and the practical exam is graded by either 1 or two, grade for semifinal is 2 (pass) if the total scores are 41 points or higher. ...
... *If one block contains 16 and the other one 17 points and the practical exam is graded by either 1 or two, grade for semifinal is 2 (pass) if the total scores are 41 points or higher. ...
lecture5
... (FAD), hydration, oxidation by NAD+, and thiolysis by CoA (Figure 22.8). The fatty acyl chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions, and FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA are generated. Because oxidation is on the b carbon, this series of reactions is called the b-oxidation pathw ...
... (FAD), hydration, oxidation by NAD+, and thiolysis by CoA (Figure 22.8). The fatty acyl chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions, and FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA are generated. Because oxidation is on the b carbon, this series of reactions is called the b-oxidation pathw ...
Taxonomic Study of Anaerobic, Gram-Negative, Rod
... a-carboxyl group of D-glutamic acid in the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan. Lipid F was also found as a characteristic cellular compound. The phylogenetic relationships of members of these new species were examined by reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16s rRNA or by DNA-DNA hybridization studies ...
... a-carboxyl group of D-glutamic acid in the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan. Lipid F was also found as a characteristic cellular compound. The phylogenetic relationships of members of these new species were examined by reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16s rRNA or by DNA-DNA hybridization studies ...
Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevesiae
... • Ethanol from sugar cane although more efficient, still consumes more energy than is produced. It therefore means that a lot of the energies being channelled into metabolic engineering for lignocellulose bioethanol production could be used for finding means of improving this process, which represe ...
... • Ethanol from sugar cane although more efficient, still consumes more energy than is produced. It therefore means that a lot of the energies being channelled into metabolic engineering for lignocellulose bioethanol production could be used for finding means of improving this process, which represe ...
The Growth of Micro-organisms in Relation to their
... carbohydrates. Thus, S.faecalis converts glucose to lactic acid and L. mesenteroides to an equimolecular mixture of lactic acid, ethanol and carbon dioxide. The yields of the fermentation products were almost quantitative, suggesting that very little of the glucose was assimilated and that it was us ...
... carbohydrates. Thus, S.faecalis converts glucose to lactic acid and L. mesenteroides to an equimolecular mixture of lactic acid, ethanol and carbon dioxide. The yields of the fermentation products were almost quantitative, suggesting that very little of the glucose was assimilated and that it was us ...
6b How to ID an Unk organism
... NOTE: Know which tests have what color of a positive test: Brown, Orange or Red, Blue, Yellow, Diffused black pigment, Pink ring on top, etc. LACTASE: this tests for an enzyme that breaks down milk sugar (lactose) into glucose and galactose. If the bacteria have this enzyme, the test is positive (ye ...
... NOTE: Know which tests have what color of a positive test: Brown, Orange or Red, Blue, Yellow, Diffused black pigment, Pink ring on top, etc. LACTASE: this tests for an enzyme that breaks down milk sugar (lactose) into glucose and galactose. If the bacteria have this enzyme, the test is positive (ye ...
Chapters 3,4 and 6: Ecology
... bacteria into compounds that can be used by autotrophs. The Nitrogen cycle includes the following reactions: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into nitrates by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 2. Nitrates are used by plants for the synthesis of ...
... bacteria into compounds that can be used by autotrophs. The Nitrogen cycle includes the following reactions: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into nitrates by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 2. Nitrates are used by plants for the synthesis of ...
of the fatty acid is oxidized. Fatty acid oxidation is divided into two
... complete degradation of saturated fatty acids having an even number of carbon atoms. Most fatty acids have such structures because of their mode of synthesis . The oxidation of fatty acids containing double bonds requires additional steps. Likewise, fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon ato ...
... complete degradation of saturated fatty acids having an even number of carbon atoms. Most fatty acids have such structures because of their mode of synthesis . The oxidation of fatty acids containing double bonds requires additional steps. Likewise, fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon ato ...
Biochemical Pathways in Prokaryotes Can Be
... an SAB of 1.0. These catalogs provide a basis for estimating the evolutionary relationships of the organisms from which the catalogs were derived. The resulting new phylogenetic classification often differs drastically from the pragmatic classification offered by Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bac ...
... an SAB of 1.0. These catalogs provide a basis for estimating the evolutionary relationships of the organisms from which the catalogs were derived. The resulting new phylogenetic classification often differs drastically from the pragmatic classification offered by Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bac ...
CNM
... Some enzymes require…………………for activity, these can be metal ions or derivatives of vitamins. The protein part of the enzyme without its cofactors is known as the ...
... Some enzymes require…………………for activity, these can be metal ions or derivatives of vitamins. The protein part of the enzyme without its cofactors is known as the ...
Mitochondrial Inputs - School of Applied Physiology
... • Convert Glucose to Pyruvate – Yield 2 ATP + 2 NADH per glucose – Consume 2 ATP to form 2x glyceraldehyde phosphate – Produce 2 ATP + 1 NADH per GAP ...
... • Convert Glucose to Pyruvate – Yield 2 ATP + 2 NADH per glucose – Consume 2 ATP to form 2x glyceraldehyde phosphate – Produce 2 ATP + 1 NADH per GAP ...
20 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... biosynthetic reactions, the carbons of oxaloacetate must be replaced by anaplerotic (filling up) reactions, such as the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, where its flux is tightly coordinated with the rate of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphor ...
... biosynthetic reactions, the carbons of oxaloacetate must be replaced by anaplerotic (filling up) reactions, such as the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, where its flux is tightly coordinated with the rate of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphor ...
Intermediary Metabolism of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat
... Citrate inhibition of phosphofructokinase is rationalized as mediating the effect of an alternative fuel, fatty acids or ketone bodies, to spare glucose usage, as part of a glucose-fatty acid cycle. This was originally proposed by Randle in heart but may also function in some circumstances in skelet ...
... Citrate inhibition of phosphofructokinase is rationalized as mediating the effect of an alternative fuel, fatty acids or ketone bodies, to spare glucose usage, as part of a glucose-fatty acid cycle. This was originally proposed by Randle in heart but may also function in some circumstances in skelet ...
Mitochondria - Physical Mathematics
... Stage 1: High-energy electrons (derived from the oxidation of food molecules, from pigments excited by sunlight, or from other sources described later) are transferred along a series of electron-transport protein complexes that form an electron-transport chain embedded in a membrane. Each electron t ...
... Stage 1: High-energy electrons (derived from the oxidation of food molecules, from pigments excited by sunlight, or from other sources described later) are transferred along a series of electron-transport protein complexes that form an electron-transport chain embedded in a membrane. Each electron t ...
21. glycolysis
... Human phosphoglucoisomerase (MW = 134,000) is a dimer of identical subunits and requires Mg2+ for activity. It is specific for glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. An interesting sidelight of this enzyme is that it binds the α- pyranose form of glucose 6-phosphate, but the open chain form o ...
... Human phosphoglucoisomerase (MW = 134,000) is a dimer of identical subunits and requires Mg2+ for activity. It is specific for glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. An interesting sidelight of this enzyme is that it binds the α- pyranose form of glucose 6-phosphate, but the open chain form o ...
Study of Volatile Compounds in Thai Rice Wine (Sato) Produced
... Hernández-Orte, Ibarz, Cacho and Ferreira (5) which the increased volatile compounds was associated with an increase in concentration of phenylalanine, aspartic acid, threonine and alanine. However, high concentration of valine in the WR sample did not cause any increase in 2-methyl-1-propanol. In a ...
... Hernández-Orte, Ibarz, Cacho and Ferreira (5) which the increased volatile compounds was associated with an increase in concentration of phenylalanine, aspartic acid, threonine and alanine. However, high concentration of valine in the WR sample did not cause any increase in 2-methyl-1-propanol. In a ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)