Problem-Set Solutions
... which can enter the glycolytic pathway as the first intermediate in that pathway. Since brain and muscle cells do not produce glucose, these cells can use glycogen for energy production only. 24.64 It enters already phosphorylated, and thus an ATP does not need to be expended to phosphorylate it. 24 ...
... which can enter the glycolytic pathway as the first intermediate in that pathway. Since brain and muscle cells do not produce glucose, these cells can use glycogen for energy production only. 24.64 It enters already phosphorylated, and thus an ATP does not need to be expended to phosphorylate it. 24 ...
Metabolic modeling of muscle metabolism identifies key reactions
... Objective: Dysregulated muscle metabolism is a cardinal feature of human insulin resistance (IR) and associated diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, specific reactions contributing to abnormal energetics and metabolic inflexibility in IR are unknown. Methods: We utilize flux balance comp ...
... Objective: Dysregulated muscle metabolism is a cardinal feature of human insulin resistance (IR) and associated diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, specific reactions contributing to abnormal energetics and metabolic inflexibility in IR are unknown. Methods: We utilize flux balance comp ...
Translocation of Photosynthate - Academic Resources at Missouri
... Pyruvic Acid (C3) intermediates ...
... Pyruvic Acid (C3) intermediates ...
R-C-SCoA (acyl CoA) O
... Lipoic acid undergoes facile oxidation-reduction in a 2-electron process that converts the disulfide to two thiol functions. Eo' = -0.28 volts and changes with pH a slope of -0.06 volts per pH unit. WHY? The value of 0.28 v is very low for SH-SS potentials and is a result of the formation of the ver ...
... Lipoic acid undergoes facile oxidation-reduction in a 2-electron process that converts the disulfide to two thiol functions. Eo' = -0.28 volts and changes with pH a slope of -0.06 volts per pH unit. WHY? The value of 0.28 v is very low for SH-SS potentials and is a result of the formation of the ver ...
Sulfur Metabolism in Escherichia coli and Related Bacteria: Facts
... pyrophosphate-producing macromolecular biosynthesis reactions towards the direction of anabolism (Figure 1). However, as witnessed by the high intracellular pyrophosphate concentration in E. coli, it seems that this reaction is far from equilibrium. It cannot therefore be sufficient to pull the reac ...
... pyrophosphate-producing macromolecular biosynthesis reactions towards the direction of anabolism (Figure 1). However, as witnessed by the high intracellular pyrophosphate concentration in E. coli, it seems that this reaction is far from equilibrium. It cannot therefore be sufficient to pull the reac ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation accompanying Oxidation of
... Mitochondria were prepared from rat liver as before. In most of the experiments performed by this method, sucrose solution (0.3M) was used as the suspending medium instead of the tris-KCl medium of Chappell & Perry (1954). The mitochondria (from 5g. of liver fresh wt.) were suspended in 1-Oml. of 0 ...
... Mitochondria were prepared from rat liver as before. In most of the experiments performed by this method, sucrose solution (0.3M) was used as the suspending medium instead of the tris-KCl medium of Chappell & Perry (1954). The mitochondria (from 5g. of liver fresh wt.) were suspended in 1-Oml. of 0 ...
Phospholipid Ester-linked Fatty Acid Biomarkers of
... Sulphate-reducingbacteria perform the terminal process in anaerobic degradation of organic matter in aquatic environments. These bacteria oxidize low-M, compounds formed by fermentative bacteria and use sulphate as terminal acceptor, the sulphate being reduced to sulphide. In sulphate-rich habitats ...
... Sulphate-reducingbacteria perform the terminal process in anaerobic degradation of organic matter in aquatic environments. These bacteria oxidize low-M, compounds formed by fermentative bacteria and use sulphate as terminal acceptor, the sulphate being reduced to sulphide. In sulphate-rich habitats ...
Premigratory fat metabolism in hummingbirds: A Rumsfeldian
... (Suarez et al., 1986; Suarez et al., 1990; Fernandez et al., 2011). During routine hovering flight, a 3-4 g hummingbird, displays a mass-specific, aerobic metabolic rate about 10-fold higher than the maximum rates achieved by human athletes. Under these conditions, hummingbird flight muscles sustain ...
... (Suarez et al., 1986; Suarez et al., 1990; Fernandez et al., 2011). During routine hovering flight, a 3-4 g hummingbird, displays a mass-specific, aerobic metabolic rate about 10-fold higher than the maximum rates achieved by human athletes. Under these conditions, hummingbird flight muscles sustain ...
Can sugars be produced from fatty acids? A test case for pathway
... The first model containing no glyoxylate cycle, and with no influx of amino acids, resulted in six EMs. None of these produces G6P. Two of these consume AcCoA, go along the Krebs cycle, produce GTP, NADH and CO2 (Fig. 2). The absence of EMs producing G6P and, thus, of an enzyme set able to synthesiz ...
... The first model containing no glyoxylate cycle, and with no influx of amino acids, resulted in six EMs. None of these produces G6P. Two of these consume AcCoA, go along the Krebs cycle, produce GTP, NADH and CO2 (Fig. 2). The absence of EMs producing G6P and, thus, of an enzyme set able to synthesiz ...
Engineering primary metabolic pathways of industrial
... responsible mutation(s) are anywhere on the genome, but not at the place of the coding gene itself. For example, over-expression of certain sigma factors enhanced protein production in stationary phase (Weikert et al., 2000). Screening of libraries to detect such changes has been substantially super ...
... responsible mutation(s) are anywhere on the genome, but not at the place of the coding gene itself. For example, over-expression of certain sigma factors enhanced protein production in stationary phase (Weikert et al., 2000). Screening of libraries to detect such changes has been substantially super ...
Can sugars be produced from fatty acids? A test
... entry C00149) which takes part in the Krebs cycle and in the malate–aspartate shuttle as a precursor of OAA. Other metabolites chosen were phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP, KEGG entry C00074) and pyruvate (KEGG entry C00022) which are central metabolites in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (Table 1). The only ...
... entry C00149) which takes part in the Krebs cycle and in the malate–aspartate shuttle as a precursor of OAA. Other metabolites chosen were phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP, KEGG entry C00074) and pyruvate (KEGG entry C00022) which are central metabolites in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (Table 1). The only ...
plant physiology
... arrangement of the tissues and by the size, configuration and other structural features if the cells in which it occurs. Further more, the coordinated development of cells and tissues of the plant is a complex of physiological processes. Thus, the science of plant physiology and plant anatomy merges ...
... arrangement of the tissues and by the size, configuration and other structural features if the cells in which it occurs. Further more, the coordinated development of cells and tissues of the plant is a complex of physiological processes. Thus, the science of plant physiology and plant anatomy merges ...
Answers - U of L Class Index
... a. The _-oxidation of a chain of 10 carbon atoms produces 5 acetyl CoA units. b. A C10 fatty acid will go through 4 _-oxidation cycles. c. 60 ATP from 5 acetyl CoA (citric acid cycle) + 12 ATP from 4 NADH + 8 ATP from 4 FADH2 –2 ATP (activation) = 80 –2 = 78 ATP ...
... a. The _-oxidation of a chain of 10 carbon atoms produces 5 acetyl CoA units. b. A C10 fatty acid will go through 4 _-oxidation cycles. c. 60 ATP from 5 acetyl CoA (citric acid cycle) + 12 ATP from 4 NADH + 8 ATP from 4 FADH2 –2 ATP (activation) = 80 –2 = 78 ATP ...
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
... After the 7th round you are left with an 8th acetyl CoA (CH2-CO-CoA). ...
... After the 7th round you are left with an 8th acetyl CoA (CH2-CO-CoA). ...
Oxygen Radicals and Related Species
... nitrogen species). RNS comprise reactive metabolites derived from NO●, such as peroxynitrite and NO2● (Chapter 3). However, RNS and ROS are closely interrelated (see, for instance, Reactions 6-8), and only one general term may be more appropriate. Indeed, radicals typically react rapidly with other ...
... nitrogen species). RNS comprise reactive metabolites derived from NO●, such as peroxynitrite and NO2● (Chapter 3). However, RNS and ROS are closely interrelated (see, for instance, Reactions 6-8), and only one general term may be more appropriate. Indeed, radicals typically react rapidly with other ...
APPLICABILITY OF FRUCTOPHILIC LACTIC ACID BACTERIA IN FOOD INDUSTRY
... see their potential for use as probiotics in the food industry. Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria use fructose as the energy source but in some circumstances they can also use other carbohydrates. This study was conducted at the Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku. The bacteria used in the f ...
... see their potential for use as probiotics in the food industry. Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria use fructose as the energy source but in some circumstances they can also use other carbohydrates. This study was conducted at the Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku. The bacteria used in the f ...
Chapter 19 Carbohydrate Biosynthesis
... neither Lys and Leu nor even-numbered fatty acids are glucogenic in mammals; but net conversion of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate occurs in organisms like plants and bacteria that have the glyoxylate cycle. • Fatty acid oxidation provide an important energy source for gluconeogenesis. ...
... neither Lys and Leu nor even-numbered fatty acids are glucogenic in mammals; but net conversion of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate occurs in organisms like plants and bacteria that have the glyoxylate cycle. • Fatty acid oxidation provide an important energy source for gluconeogenesis. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)