Acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... the NAD+ required for this reaction and for the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is regenerated when NADH ultimately transfers its electrons to O2 through the electron transport chain in mitochondria In the overall reaction, the carboxyl group of pyruvate is lost as CO2 while the remaining tw ...
... the NAD+ required for this reaction and for the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is regenerated when NADH ultimately transfers its electrons to O2 through the electron transport chain in mitochondria In the overall reaction, the carboxyl group of pyruvate is lost as CO2 while the remaining tw ...
Krebs Cycle
... to CO2 with concomitant release of NADH, FADH2, and GTP - Such oxidation of acetyl groups occurs via a “cycle” rather than a “pathway”—since both the substrate and the product are identical (oxaloacetate), or simply put, the substrate ultimately cycles to itself in a series of reactions—this is in c ...
... to CO2 with concomitant release of NADH, FADH2, and GTP - Such oxidation of acetyl groups occurs via a “cycle” rather than a “pathway”—since both the substrate and the product are identical (oxaloacetate), or simply put, the substrate ultimately cycles to itself in a series of reactions—this is in c ...
Nucleotide Metabolism
... Inosine is Converted to Hypoxanthine and Ribose-1P by a Purine Phosphorylase Hypoxanthine (Xanthine Oxidase) and Guanine (Guanase) are Converted to Xanthine Xanthine is Converted to Uric Acid by Xanthine Oxidase Uric Acid Crystals are the Cause of Gout Gout Treated With the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibito ...
... Inosine is Converted to Hypoxanthine and Ribose-1P by a Purine Phosphorylase Hypoxanthine (Xanthine Oxidase) and Guanine (Guanase) are Converted to Xanthine Xanthine is Converted to Uric Acid by Xanthine Oxidase Uric Acid Crystals are the Cause of Gout Gout Treated With the Xanthine Oxidase Inhibito ...
Document
... X-linked trait (HGPRT gene is on X chromosome). Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID): lack of adenosine deaminase (ADA). Lack of ADA causes accumulation of deoxyadenosine. Immune cells, which have potent salvage pathways, accumulate dATP, which blocks production of other dNTPs by its action on r ...
... X-linked trait (HGPRT gene is on X chromosome). Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID): lack of adenosine deaminase (ADA). Lack of ADA causes accumulation of deoxyadenosine. Immune cells, which have potent salvage pathways, accumulate dATP, which blocks production of other dNTPs by its action on r ...
How to deal with oxygen radicals stemming from mitochondrial fatty
... glutathione-based systems and thioredoxins. For an overview of general and mitochondrion-specific anti-oxidant measures, see Andreyev et al. [18]. Most of the present-day eukaryotes, and animals in particular, use O2 as the final electron acceptor of the respiratory chain, with the exception of orga ...
... glutathione-based systems and thioredoxins. For an overview of general and mitochondrion-specific anti-oxidant measures, see Andreyev et al. [18]. Most of the present-day eukaryotes, and animals in particular, use O2 as the final electron acceptor of the respiratory chain, with the exception of orga ...
Chemistry JAMB Past Questions
... In the Haber process for the manufacturer of ammonia, finely divided iron is used as an ionizing agent a reducing agent a catalyst a dehydrating agent an oxidizing agent. An organic compound with a vapour density 56.5 has the following percentage composition: C = 53.1%, N = 12.4%, O = 28.3%, H = 6.2 ...
... In the Haber process for the manufacturer of ammonia, finely divided iron is used as an ionizing agent a reducing agent a catalyst a dehydrating agent an oxidizing agent. An organic compound with a vapour density 56.5 has the following percentage composition: C = 53.1%, N = 12.4%, O = 28.3%, H = 6.2 ...
The Urea Cycle
... mitochondrial matrix by the enzymatic activities of glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is the enzyme that takes the ammonia, bicarbonate and 2 molecules of ATP to produce carbamoyl phosphate. This enzyme activates bicarbonate by the same method used by biotin c ...
... mitochondrial matrix by the enzymatic activities of glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is the enzyme that takes the ammonia, bicarbonate and 2 molecules of ATP to produce carbamoyl phosphate. This enzyme activates bicarbonate by the same method used by biotin c ...
Chapter 5
... • List the three stages of the carbon cycle. • Describe where fossil fuels are located. • Identify one way that humans are affecting the carbon cycle. • List the tree stages of the nitrogen cycle. • Describe the role that nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle. • Explain how the excess ...
... • List the three stages of the carbon cycle. • Describe where fossil fuels are located. • Identify one way that humans are affecting the carbon cycle. • List the tree stages of the nitrogen cycle. • Describe the role that nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle. • Explain how the excess ...
Identification of Unknown Bacterial Species - Katie Davis
... that the organism is MR positive. If Vogues-Proskauer reagents are added and a red color is formed, that indicates that the organism is VP positive (3). My organism was VP positive and MR negative because the media turned red only when Vogues Proskauer reagent was added. The nitrate broth contains ...
... that the organism is MR positive. If Vogues-Proskauer reagents are added and a red color is formed, that indicates that the organism is VP positive (3). My organism was VP positive and MR negative because the media turned red only when Vogues Proskauer reagent was added. The nitrate broth contains ...
class notes 4
... The coefficients in a chemical equation specify the relative amounts in moles of each of the substances involved in the reaction. The numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a balanced chemical equation are called reaction stoichiometry. Making Pizza: The Relationships among Ingredients ...
... The coefficients in a chemical equation specify the relative amounts in moles of each of the substances involved in the reaction. The numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a balanced chemical equation are called reaction stoichiometry. Making Pizza: The Relationships among Ingredients ...
Chem12 SM Unit 5 Review final ok
... 65. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Electrolytic cells are used in plating coinage, in the production of aluminum, and in rechargeable batteries. 66. In the electrolysis of water, the electrolyte, for example, sodium sulfate, functions to allow electrons to flow freely in solution. The free-flowing ...
... 65. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Electrolytic cells are used in plating coinage, in the production of aluminum, and in rechargeable batteries. 66. In the electrolysis of water, the electrolyte, for example, sodium sulfate, functions to allow electrons to flow freely in solution. The free-flowing ...
New Approach to Inactivation of Harmful and Pathogenic
... According to the situation described, it seems that presently existing methods for inactivation of harmful and pathogenic microorganisms in different fields, including medicine, food manufacturing and safety or occupational environment, are not effective. Inevitably, new approach to inactivate harmf ...
... According to the situation described, it seems that presently existing methods for inactivation of harmful and pathogenic microorganisms in different fields, including medicine, food manufacturing and safety or occupational environment, are not effective. Inevitably, new approach to inactivate harmf ...
0 13C labeling of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and carbon conversion
... nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for protein extraction. The lipid extractions were dried down under nitrogen for methylation, to cleave triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acids from their glycerol backbones and to create volatile fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To solubilize the dried lipid extracts, 0.5 ...
... nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for protein extraction. The lipid extractions were dried down under nitrogen for methylation, to cleave triacylglycerol (TAG) fatty acids from their glycerol backbones and to create volatile fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To solubilize the dried lipid extracts, 0.5 ...
Energy Substrate Metabolism in - Journal of Clinical Investigation
... The data show that the human platelet has a considerable capacity to oxidize both glucose and long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids appear to rank favorably with glucose as a potential energy substrate. In a number of mammalian tissues, (-)-carnitine serves to regulate the rate at which lon ...
... The data show that the human platelet has a considerable capacity to oxidize both glucose and long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids appear to rank favorably with glucose as a potential energy substrate. In a number of mammalian tissues, (-)-carnitine serves to regulate the rate at which lon ...
Lecture_6_TCA_Cycle
... form of NADH and FADH2. The two carbon acetyl unit from acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is subsequently oxidized. The high-energy electrons are used to reduce O2 to H2O. This reduction generates a proton gradient that is used to synthesize ATP. ...
... form of NADH and FADH2. The two carbon acetyl unit from acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is subsequently oxidized. The high-energy electrons are used to reduce O2 to H2O. This reduction generates a proton gradient that is used to synthesize ATP. ...
Fat Metabolism
... • Release as Fatty acids • Epinephrene and glucagon release cAMP – make fatty acids and glycerol – mobilizes fat ...
... • Release as Fatty acids • Epinephrene and glucagon release cAMP – make fatty acids and glycerol – mobilizes fat ...
October 15 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... Dead Sea is called dead for a reason! ...
... Dead Sea is called dead for a reason! ...
citric acid metabolism in lactic bacteria and
... the microbial ecosystem in the wine during fermentation by imposing selected strains of yeast and bacteria. This prevents contamination due to microfloral spoilage (Renouf et al. 2008a), while ensuring more economical and ecological control of MLF. For example, when the bacteria are active at the hi ...
... the microbial ecosystem in the wine during fermentation by imposing selected strains of yeast and bacteria. This prevents contamination due to microfloral spoilage (Renouf et al. 2008a), while ensuring more economical and ecological control of MLF. For example, when the bacteria are active at the hi ...
... are life-threatening for individuals who are immunesuppressed, including AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and chemotherapy and transplant surgery. Selective inhibition of the enzymes of this pathway by appropriate substrate analog to develop new antifungal drugs that are more effective and less toxic and ...
The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... mutants in the L. lactis nrdD gene were still able to grow well under standard anaerobic growth conditions and then overproduced the NrdEF proteins (3). There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductases that differ in their protein structure (see recent reviews in Refs. 2 and 5– 8). All operate v ...
... mutants in the L. lactis nrdD gene were still able to grow well under standard anaerobic growth conditions and then overproduced the NrdEF proteins (3). There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductases that differ in their protein structure (see recent reviews in Refs. 2 and 5– 8). All operate v ...
NITROGEN METABOLISM: An Overview
... 3.0mM to 4.OmM; • Most plentiful of these Amino Acids are Glutamine and Alanine that penetrate into the Liver most easily: • Glutamine (0.4mM), • Glutamate (0.23mM), and • Alanine (0.4mM); ...
... 3.0mM to 4.OmM; • Most plentiful of these Amino Acids are Glutamine and Alanine that penetrate into the Liver most easily: • Glutamine (0.4mM), • Glutamate (0.23mM), and • Alanine (0.4mM); ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)