Exercise-Induced Metabolic Acidosis
... It has been almost 25 years since the original publication of Gevers (1977), and there is no evidence in textbooks of the recognition that lactate production does not cause acidosis. The “lactic acid” cause of acidosis, termed a “lactic acidosis”, is still being taught in physiology and biochemistry ...
... It has been almost 25 years since the original publication of Gevers (1977), and there is no evidence in textbooks of the recognition that lactate production does not cause acidosis. The “lactic acid” cause of acidosis, termed a “lactic acidosis”, is still being taught in physiology and biochemistry ...
Specificity of the Organic Acid Activation of
... succinate (in the presence of malonate) and both i- and D-malate stimulated respiration via alternative oxidase in a pH- (and NAD+)dependent manner. Solubilized malic enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of both i- and D-malate, although the latter at only a low rate and only at acid pH. I n submitochondr ...
... succinate (in the presence of malonate) and both i- and D-malate stimulated respiration via alternative oxidase in a pH- (and NAD+)dependent manner. Solubilized malic enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of both i- and D-malate, although the latter at only a low rate and only at acid pH. I n submitochondr ...
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
... With oxygen present, pyruvate is oxidized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Without oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to lactate. In muscle, lactate is the usual product. The product of glycolysis is pyruvate. The pyruvate made by glycolysis can either enter the TCA cycle through pyruvate dehydrogena ...
... With oxygen present, pyruvate is oxidized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Without oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to lactate. In muscle, lactate is the usual product. The product of glycolysis is pyruvate. The pyruvate made by glycolysis can either enter the TCA cycle through pyruvate dehydrogena ...
Adenylate Energy Charge during Batch Culture of
... EC. 2.7. I .40). For total adenylate determinations, extract (200 pl) was added to 50pl15 mMMgS04 in I 00 mM-Tris/acetic acid, pH 7.3, containing 0.5 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate, 2 pg pyruvate kinase and 5 pg adenylate kinase (EC. 2.7.4.3). These mixtures were incubated at 30 "C for 15 min and held on ic ...
... EC. 2.7. I .40). For total adenylate determinations, extract (200 pl) was added to 50pl15 mMMgS04 in I 00 mM-Tris/acetic acid, pH 7.3, containing 0.5 mM-phosphoenolpyruvate, 2 pg pyruvate kinase and 5 pg adenylate kinase (EC. 2.7.4.3). These mixtures were incubated at 30 "C for 15 min and held on ic ...
Fatty acids: Review
... -They require some additional processing before they can be degraded completely by β-oxidation -If a fatty acid already has a double bond in it, the scheme by which the fatty acid is oxidized depends on where the double bond ends up after several of the C-2 fragments have been removed by normal β-ox ...
... -They require some additional processing before they can be degraded completely by β-oxidation -If a fatty acid already has a double bond in it, the scheme by which the fatty acid is oxidized depends on where the double bond ends up after several of the C-2 fragments have been removed by normal β-ox ...
Presence of Anaplerotic Reactions and Transamination, and the
... Apart from the report of VanDemark & Smith (1964b), there is little additional evidence for the presence of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in non-fermentative Mollicutes (Holmes & Pirie, 1932; Leece & Morton, 1954; Tourtellotte & Jacobs, 1960). The non-fermentative strain previously designated M ...
... Apart from the report of VanDemark & Smith (1964b), there is little additional evidence for the presence of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in non-fermentative Mollicutes (Holmes & Pirie, 1932; Leece & Morton, 1954; Tourtellotte & Jacobs, 1960). The non-fermentative strain previously designated M ...
Glycolysis - WordPress.com
... potential energy stored in the glucose molecules. During the first 10 steps of glycolysis, only a small part of all glucose energy is released and the rest of the potential energy is released during the last steps after glycolysis. For this reason aerobic degradation is much more efficient ...
... potential energy stored in the glucose molecules. During the first 10 steps of glycolysis, only a small part of all glucose energy is released and the rest of the potential energy is released during the last steps after glycolysis. For this reason aerobic degradation is much more efficient ...
Artifact 1
... hereditary fructose intolerance. F1P accumulation is toxic to cellular tissues and traps phosphate in an unusable form that causes depletion of both phosphate and ATP stores. The lack of readily available phosphate down regulates glycogenolysis in the liver, which results in hypoglycemia. F1P acc ...
... hereditary fructose intolerance. F1P accumulation is toxic to cellular tissues and traps phosphate in an unusable form that causes depletion of both phosphate and ATP stores. The lack of readily available phosphate down regulates glycogenolysis in the liver, which results in hypoglycemia. F1P acc ...
Amino Acid Sequences and Evolutionary Relationships
... their relationship. Conversely, the greater the differences, the more distant the relationship. Further, biologists have found that such biochemical evidence compares favorably with other lines of evidence for evolutionary relationships. An interesting additional line of evidence supporting evolutio ...
... their relationship. Conversely, the greater the differences, the more distant the relationship. Further, biologists have found that such biochemical evidence compares favorably with other lines of evidence for evolutionary relationships. An interesting additional line of evidence supporting evolutio ...
Heterotrophic cultures
... microalgal biomass and simultaneously prevent excessive bacterial growth, which would be the outcome if the organic substrates were added in large quantity. Adding organic carbon substrate is usually done only during daytime hours, otherwise faster growing bacteria would outperform the microalgae un ...
... microalgal biomass and simultaneously prevent excessive bacterial growth, which would be the outcome if the organic substrates were added in large quantity. Adding organic carbon substrate is usually done only during daytime hours, otherwise faster growing bacteria would outperform the microalgae un ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose
... (b) Fermentation in yeast cells produces ethanol and CO2 rather than lactate (see Box 14–3). Without these reactions (in the absence of oxygen), NADH would accumulate and no new NAD would be available for further glycolysis (see Problem 11). The hexose bisphosphate that accumulates is fructose 1,6- ...
... (b) Fermentation in yeast cells produces ethanol and CO2 rather than lactate (see Box 14–3). Without these reactions (in the absence of oxygen), NADH would accumulate and no new NAD would be available for further glycolysis (see Problem 11). The hexose bisphosphate that accumulates is fructose 1,6- ...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Anaerobic Respiration in Biofilms
... majority of the rhlRnirS double mutants, which lack the only enzyme that produces NO (nitrite reductase) in P. aeruginosa, were alive. In addition, other mutants deficient in nitrite reductase RpoN (a sigma factor that controls nirS expression) and a double rhlRrpoN mutant were also alive. In parall ...
... majority of the rhlRnirS double mutants, which lack the only enzyme that produces NO (nitrite reductase) in P. aeruginosa, were alive. In addition, other mutants deficient in nitrite reductase RpoN (a sigma factor that controls nirS expression) and a double rhlRrpoN mutant were also alive. In parall ...
- BioMed Central
... from such an image. Wavelet transforms are such an image processing method and were applied for texture classification [19], for feature generation to automatically classify microscope images [20] and large-scale functional genetic screens [21]. Without taking any network information into account, w ...
... from such an image. Wavelet transforms are such an image processing method and were applied for texture classification [19], for feature generation to automatically classify microscope images [20] and large-scale functional genetic screens [21]. Without taking any network information into account, w ...
A Review on Bio-butyric Acid Production and its Optimization
... activities of PTB and independent lactate dehydrogenase (iLDH), and increased activities of PTA and LDH (Zhu and Yang, 2003). In butyrate-producing strains, PTA, AK, PTB, BK, iLDH, and LDH are the main enzymes relevant to acetate, butyrate, and lactate production. Their products distribution is affe ...
... activities of PTB and independent lactate dehydrogenase (iLDH), and increased activities of PTA and LDH (Zhu and Yang, 2003). In butyrate-producing strains, PTA, AK, PTB, BK, iLDH, and LDH are the main enzymes relevant to acetate, butyrate, and lactate production. Their products distribution is affe ...
Gluconeogenesis
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
... starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs. Glycerol, derived fr ...
Metabolism of Mollicutes: the Embden-Meyerhof
... enzyme activities associated with the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) and EmbdenMeyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. All Acholeplasma spp. had glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1 . 1) activity, Of these three ...
... enzyme activities associated with the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) and EmbdenMeyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. All Acholeplasma spp. had glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate (6PG) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1 . 1) activity, Of these three ...
Note Set 11 1 GLYCOLYSIS (also known as: EMBDEN
... so blood glucose doesn't get too low, for brain and muscle •M isozyme not regulated by phosphorylation, A form intermediate between L and M 4. 2,3-BPG formed from 1,3-BPG when [1,3-BPG] is high •activates phosphoglycerolmutase (as well as stabilizing the deoxy (T) form of Hb), which converts 3-PG to ...
... so blood glucose doesn't get too low, for brain and muscle •M isozyme not regulated by phosphorylation, A form intermediate between L and M 4. 2,3-BPG formed from 1,3-BPG when [1,3-BPG] is high •activates phosphoglycerolmutase (as well as stabilizing the deoxy (T) form of Hb), which converts 3-PG to ...
Fate of Carbon Skeleton
... The first 2 steps occur in mitochondria The last 3 steps occur in cytoplasm It utilizes 3 ATP and 4 high energy bonds It is catalyzed by five enzymes Any defect in one of these enzymes leads to ammonia intoxication ...
... The first 2 steps occur in mitochondria The last 3 steps occur in cytoplasm It utilizes 3 ATP and 4 high energy bonds It is catalyzed by five enzymes Any defect in one of these enzymes leads to ammonia intoxication ...
Document
... Define beta oxidation of fatty acid Mention the sub cellular site of occurrence of beta oxidation of fatty acids List the steps of beta oxidation of fattyacids Mention the function of carnitine List the products of beta oxidation of fatty acids and fate of these ...
... Define beta oxidation of fatty acid Mention the sub cellular site of occurrence of beta oxidation of fatty acids List the steps of beta oxidation of fattyacids Mention the function of carnitine List the products of beta oxidation of fatty acids and fate of these ...
Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting
... Topic: Concept 9.2 Skill: Comprehension 26) In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? A) CO2 and H2O B) CO2 and pyruvate C) NADH and pyruvate D) CO2 and NADH E) H2O, FADH2, and citrate Topic: Concept 9.2 Skill: Knowledge 27) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and ...
... Topic: Concept 9.2 Skill: Comprehension 26) In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? A) CO2 and H2O B) CO2 and pyruvate C) NADH and pyruvate D) CO2 and NADH E) H2O, FADH2, and citrate Topic: Concept 9.2 Skill: Knowledge 27) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and ...
Photosynthesis in the Higher Plant, Vicia.faba
... course experiment described by Kent (16). Excised V. faba leaves were infiltrated with distilled, deionized water and illuminated in an atmosphere of 1 % 'C02-air for successive periods of 4, 8, 15, 22, and 35 min. The light intensity at the leaf surface was 0.02 langley/min. The temperature of the ...
... course experiment described by Kent (16). Excised V. faba leaves were infiltrated with distilled, deionized water and illuminated in an atmosphere of 1 % 'C02-air for successive periods of 4, 8, 15, 22, and 35 min. The light intensity at the leaf surface was 0.02 langley/min. The temperature of the ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)