Food Fermentation
... reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). – Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. ...
... reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). – Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. ...
313EnergyProduction
... – pyruvate + O2 acetyl CoA • Kreb’s cycle (per pyruvate:1/2 glucose) – complete oxidation of acetyl CoA – 2 ATP + 1 FADH2 + 3 NADH – C + O2 CO2 expired • electron transport chain – glycolysis produces H+ (too acidic) • FADH2 and NADH transport H+ to electron transport chain • H+ split into proto ...
... – pyruvate + O2 acetyl CoA • Kreb’s cycle (per pyruvate:1/2 glucose) – complete oxidation of acetyl CoA – 2 ATP + 1 FADH2 + 3 NADH – C + O2 CO2 expired • electron transport chain – glycolysis produces H+ (too acidic) • FADH2 and NADH transport H+ to electron transport chain • H+ split into proto ...
Biotic and abiotic factors interact in complex ways in communities
... Organisms depend on other organisms and nonliving factors in their environment for survival. Ecology is the scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied. Ecologists observe, experiment, and model us ...
... Organisms depend on other organisms and nonliving factors in their environment for survival. Ecology is the scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied. Ecologists observe, experiment, and model us ...
Predation in Ecosystems
... 2. Predatory interactions occur between organisms within an ecosystem. 3. Mutually beneficial interactions occur between organisms within an ecosystem. Organisms involved in these mutually beneficial interactions can become so dependent upon one another that they cannot survive alone. 4. Resource av ...
... 2. Predatory interactions occur between organisms within an ecosystem. 3. Mutually beneficial interactions occur between organisms within an ecosystem. Organisms involved in these mutually beneficial interactions can become so dependent upon one another that they cannot survive alone. 4. Resource av ...
Structural and Behavioral Adaptations
... cells (growth) and to create now organisms (reproduction), while energy is needed to drive all the chemical and physical processes of life, such as biosynthesis, active transport and movement. ...
... cells (growth) and to create now organisms (reproduction), while energy is needed to drive all the chemical and physical processes of life, such as biosynthesis, active transport and movement. ...
Chapter 5 Powerpoint Slides
... release calcium and other cations and leave behind carbonate and biocarbonate ions dissolved in the water. This solution is washed into the oceans by rivers, and then calcium carbonate (CaCO3), also known as limestone, is precipitated in sediments. (Today most calcium carbonate precipitation is ca ...
... release calcium and other cations and leave behind carbonate and biocarbonate ions dissolved in the water. This solution is washed into the oceans by rivers, and then calcium carbonate (CaCO3), also known as limestone, is precipitated in sediments. (Today most calcium carbonate precipitation is ca ...
Chapter 9 Presentation
... respiration deals with glucose as the “food,” but this isn’t always the case. • The foods we eat are often high in carbohydrates, proteins and fats. • Many of the carbs get broken down into glucose and other monosaccharides that can be used by cellular respiration. ...
... respiration deals with glucose as the “food,” but this isn’t always the case. • The foods we eat are often high in carbohydrates, proteins and fats. • Many of the carbs get broken down into glucose and other monosaccharides that can be used by cellular respiration. ...
biogeochemical cycles PP
... release calcium and other cations and leave behind carbonate and biocarbonate ions dissolved in the water. This solution is washed into the oceans by rivers, and then calcium carbonate (CaCO3), also known as limestone, is precipitated in sediments. (Today most calcium carbonate precipitation is ca ...
... release calcium and other cations and leave behind carbonate and biocarbonate ions dissolved in the water. This solution is washed into the oceans by rivers, and then calcium carbonate (CaCO3), also known as limestone, is precipitated in sediments. (Today most calcium carbonate precipitation is ca ...
R group
... ORGANIC MOLECULES OF ORGANISMS = MACROMOLECULES All organic compounds of the livings are responsible for such things as: ...
... ORGANIC MOLECULES OF ORGANISMS = MACROMOLECULES All organic compounds of the livings are responsible for such things as: ...
Cl -1
... Combining a metal-oxide and a nonmetaloxide to produce a tertiary salt. General Equation: AO + BO ABO Example: Barium oxide + dinitrogen pentoxide BaO(s) + N2O5(g) Ba(NO3)2(aq) ...
... Combining a metal-oxide and a nonmetaloxide to produce a tertiary salt. General Equation: AO + BO ABO Example: Barium oxide + dinitrogen pentoxide BaO(s) + N2O5(g) Ba(NO3)2(aq) ...
Cellular Respiration
... • B = Hydrogen ions (H+) build up in the inner membrane space making it positively charge and the other side negatively charged. • C = The charge difference (review voltage- potential channels) causes a protein called ATP Synthase to rotate. Each time ATP Synthase rotates, a Phosphate group (PO4-3) ...
... • B = Hydrogen ions (H+) build up in the inner membrane space making it positively charge and the other side negatively charged. • C = The charge difference (review voltage- potential channels) causes a protein called ATP Synthase to rotate. Each time ATP Synthase rotates, a Phosphate group (PO4-3) ...
Preview Sample 3
... “profession,” is its niche. Interactions with other organisms and the physical environment, however, limit it to a smaller part of the niche called its realized niche. 4. Although energy constantly flows through ecosystems, nutrients necessary for life are constantly recycled. Producers capture the ...
... “profession,” is its niche. Interactions with other organisms and the physical environment, however, limit it to a smaller part of the niche called its realized niche. 4. Although energy constantly flows through ecosystems, nutrients necessary for life are constantly recycled. Producers capture the ...
chapt08
... 5. At one time, two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by FAD, forming FADH 2. 6. NADH and FADH2 carry these electrons to the electron transport chain. 7. Some energy is released and is used to synthesize ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. 8. One high-energy metabolite accepts a phosph ...
... 5. At one time, two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by FAD, forming FADH 2. 6. NADH and FADH2 carry these electrons to the electron transport chain. 7. Some energy is released and is used to synthesize ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. 8. One high-energy metabolite accepts a phosph ...
TCA Cycle
... • What’s the importance of the TCA cycle? • Where is this process carried out? • By the aid of diagrams explain the reactions of the TCA cycle. • Write down the overall stoichiometric equation for the TCA cycle. • What are the points of regulation in TCA cycle? ...
... • What’s the importance of the TCA cycle? • Where is this process carried out? • By the aid of diagrams explain the reactions of the TCA cycle. • Write down the overall stoichiometric equation for the TCA cycle. • What are the points of regulation in TCA cycle? ...
Chapter 6
... Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system. Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen. Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. ...
... Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system. Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen. Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. ...
Chapter 3 Ecosystem Note
... 1. There must be a constant supply of energy (sunlight for photosynthesis). 2. There must be living organisms that can incorporate the energy into organic compounds (food). 3. There must be a recycling of materials between organisms and the environment. ...
... 1. There must be a constant supply of energy (sunlight for photosynthesis). 2. There must be living organisms that can incorporate the energy into organic compounds (food). 3. There must be a recycling of materials between organisms and the environment. ...
Title - Iowa State University
... a. A regulatory molecule binds at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme in a way that makes the active site available to the enzyme’s natural substrates. b. Regulatory molecules that are similar in size and shape to the enzyme’s natural substrate inhibits catalysi ...
... a. A regulatory molecule binds at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme in a way that makes the active site available to the enzyme’s natural substrates. b. Regulatory molecules that are similar in size and shape to the enzyme’s natural substrate inhibits catalysi ...
Elements (NonMetals)
... Gas at room Temp B.P. –253°C (20K) and M.P.-259°C (14K) Insoluble in water: 2mL gas/ 1L of water Found in H2O, organic and biological molecules Most common element in universe H2 (H-H) isoelectronic with He H has a small radius Unique properties of both group 1 and 17 Bond energy 431kJ/mol – very st ...
... Gas at room Temp B.P. –253°C (20K) and M.P.-259°C (14K) Insoluble in water: 2mL gas/ 1L of water Found in H2O, organic and biological molecules Most common element in universe H2 (H-H) isoelectronic with He H has a small radius Unique properties of both group 1 and 17 Bond energy 431kJ/mol – very st ...
Role of Marine Microbes in Carbon and Nutrient Cycles
... connection because of several reasons: (i) they share a rather narrow size range, from 0.02 to 0.2 µm (“femtoplancton”, including most viruses and some bacteria), from 0.2 to 2 µm (“picoplankton”, including most bacteria and archaea and some protists), and from 2 to 20 µm (“nanoplankton”, mostly inc ...
... connection because of several reasons: (i) they share a rather narrow size range, from 0.02 to 0.2 µm (“femtoplancton”, including most viruses and some bacteria), from 0.2 to 2 µm (“picoplankton”, including most bacteria and archaea and some protists), and from 2 to 20 µm (“nanoplankton”, mostly inc ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
... example: fatty acid synthesis and degradation are not both turned on simultaneously. 2. Catabolic and anabolic pathways that connect the same two end points may use many of the same endpoints but at least one step is catalyzed by different enzymes. example: gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolys ...
... example: fatty acid synthesis and degradation are not both turned on simultaneously. 2. Catabolic and anabolic pathways that connect the same two end points may use many of the same endpoints but at least one step is catalyzed by different enzymes. example: gluconeogenesis is the reverse of glycolys ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... reduction reactions • redox reactions – involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another – the oxidation of one compound results in the reduction of another ...
... reduction reactions • redox reactions – involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another – the oxidation of one compound results in the reduction of another ...
Chapter 15 Metabolism: Basic concepts and design Part Ⅰ
... Utilize chemical energy generated by phototrophs ion gradient: other types of chemical energy, nerve impulses, etc. mechanical energy: muscle contraction and movement synthesis biomolecules ...
... Utilize chemical energy generated by phototrophs ion gradient: other types of chemical energy, nerve impulses, etc. mechanical energy: muscle contraction and movement synthesis biomolecules ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... • The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. • However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
... • The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. • However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)