Chapter 25 - Phylogeny/Systematics
... Polyphyletic—members come from 2 or more ancestors; does not include the most recent common ancestor Paraphyletic— includes the most recent ancestor, but not all its descendents ...
... Polyphyletic—members come from 2 or more ancestors; does not include the most recent common ancestor Paraphyletic— includes the most recent ancestor, but not all its descendents ...
Metabolism - College of the Canyons
... 2 FAD + 2 H2 2 FADH2 • Carbon atoms of glucose have all been carried away as CO2 and exhaled • Energy lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is a source of substances for synthesis of fats and nonessen ...
... 2 FAD + 2 H2 2 FADH2 • Carbon atoms of glucose have all been carried away as CO2 and exhaled • Energy lost as heat, stored in 2 ATP, 8 reduced NADH, 2 FADH2 molecules of the matrix reactions and 2 NADH from glycolysis • Citric acid cycle is a source of substances for synthesis of fats and nonessen ...
Assignment 2 solutions BioE 202
... A much simpler approach will be acceptable, as long as it is understood and demonstrated that BOD removal does not simply equate the oxygen demand and that there are two components to the oxygen requirements. The purpose of this exercise was to get you acquainted to the somewhat complicated interact ...
... A much simpler approach will be acceptable, as long as it is understood and demonstrated that BOD removal does not simply equate the oxygen demand and that there are two components to the oxygen requirements. The purpose of this exercise was to get you acquainted to the somewhat complicated interact ...
AP Biology Ch. 9 Cellular Respiration
... The electron transport chain is in the cristae of the mitochondrion Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and ar ...
... The electron transport chain is in the cristae of the mitochondrion Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and ar ...
Lab Practical 2 Review
... a). Polysaccharide: Polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units (either mono-‐ or di-‐saccharides) joined together by glycosidic bonds. b). Monosaccharide: the most basic units of carbohydrates. They ...
... a). Polysaccharide: Polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units (either mono-‐ or di-‐saccharides) joined together by glycosidic bonds. b). Monosaccharide: the most basic units of carbohydrates. They ...
Krebs cycle
... • The enzymes and mechanism of this reaction are very similar to that of pyruvate dehydrogenase. ...
... • The enzymes and mechanism of this reaction are very similar to that of pyruvate dehydrogenase. ...
L02_IntroMetab
... – But with a throughput of money of $65,000 per day! – Imagine how tightly you’d have to regulate the flow in/out of the wallet ...
... – But with a throughput of money of $65,000 per day! – Imagine how tightly you’d have to regulate the flow in/out of the wallet ...
see lecture notes
... 6RuBP + glucose + 18 Pi + 18ADP + 12 NADP+ + H2O (liberated) The PGAL can be combined to form the following products: glucose, cellulose, maltose, starch, fatty acids,amino acids, and other molecules. RuBP is also reformed through a series of complicated reactions. This is not an efficient process. ...
... 6RuBP + glucose + 18 Pi + 18ADP + 12 NADP+ + H2O (liberated) The PGAL can be combined to form the following products: glucose, cellulose, maltose, starch, fatty acids,amino acids, and other molecules. RuBP is also reformed through a series of complicated reactions. This is not an efficient process. ...
Lecture 21
... Stage I A preparatory stage in which glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved to yield two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate - uses two ATPs Stage II glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate with the concomitant generation of four ATPs-net profit is 2ATPs per glucose. ...
... Stage I A preparatory stage in which glucose is phosphorylated and cleaved to yield two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3phosphate - uses two ATPs Stage II glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate with the concomitant generation of four ATPs-net profit is 2ATPs per glucose. ...
How Cells Harvest Energy
... • Fermentation occurs • Type depends upon cell type • Reactions occur in cytoplasm ...
... • Fermentation occurs • Type depends upon cell type • Reactions occur in cytoplasm ...
Problem Set 2 (multiple choice) Biochemistry 3300 1. What classes
... 3. Which of the following is not a catalytic mechanism in enzymatic catalysis a) Acid-Base catalysis b) Covalent catalysis c) Metal ion catalysis d) Electrostatic catalysis e) Preferential binding to the product 4. You are given a list of E.C. numbers by your independent study supervisor, but from l ...
... 3. Which of the following is not a catalytic mechanism in enzymatic catalysis a) Acid-Base catalysis b) Covalent catalysis c) Metal ion catalysis d) Electrostatic catalysis e) Preferential binding to the product 4. You are given a list of E.C. numbers by your independent study supervisor, but from l ...
sample
... mitochondrial membrane (cristae). The cristae have a large surface area so there are more electron carriers, which increases ATP synthesis. The reduced coenzymes, NADH 2 and FADH 2, produced during glycolysis, the link reaction and the Krebs cycle act as a source of electrons and protons. Figure 9 s ...
... mitochondrial membrane (cristae). The cristae have a large surface area so there are more electron carriers, which increases ATP synthesis. The reduced coenzymes, NADH 2 and FADH 2, produced during glycolysis, the link reaction and the Krebs cycle act as a source of electrons and protons. Figure 9 s ...
Biochemistry 2
... Isomers- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and different properties Structural isomers- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers- Same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their ...
... Isomers- Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and different properties Structural isomers- Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers- Same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their ...
Nutrition and Metabolism
... essentially splits the 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules. An alternative pathway to glycolysis is the pentose shunt which provides 2e 2e 2e ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. The second important pathway in electochemical glucose metabolism is the citric acid c ...
... essentially splits the 6 carbon glucose molecule into two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules. An alternative pathway to glycolysis is the pentose shunt which provides 2e 2e 2e ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. The second important pathway in electochemical glucose metabolism is the citric acid c ...
St Peter the Apostle High School BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
... (d) Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme involved in Stage A. The presence of excess citrate inhibits this enzyme. Explain why this is important in the conservation of resources in the cell. ...
... (d) Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme involved in Stage A. The presence of excess citrate inhibits this enzyme. Explain why this is important in the conservation of resources in the cell. ...
ISTANBUL MEDIPOL UNIVERSITY Course Learning Outcomes of
... 5.Growth and Culturing of Bacteria 5.1.Define growth as it pertains to bacteria. 5.2.Explain the process of binary fission. 5.3.Identify the parts of a growth curve and explain what is occurring in each phase 5.4.Define aseptic technique, and demonstrate with applications. 6.Essential Concepts of Me ...
... 5.Growth and Culturing of Bacteria 5.1.Define growth as it pertains to bacteria. 5.2.Explain the process of binary fission. 5.3.Identify the parts of a growth curve and explain what is occurring in each phase 5.4.Define aseptic technique, and demonstrate with applications. 6.Essential Concepts of Me ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Living
... -Animals obtain fuel by eating plants or other organisms that eat plants -How do cells harvest energy in organic molecules? -How do they use it to regenerate ATP -ATP is the molecule that drives cellular work I. The Principles of Energy Harvest -Metabolic pathway with many steps A. Cellular Respirat ...
... -Animals obtain fuel by eating plants or other organisms that eat plants -How do cells harvest energy in organic molecules? -How do they use it to regenerate ATP -ATP is the molecule that drives cellular work I. The Principles of Energy Harvest -Metabolic pathway with many steps A. Cellular Respirat ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... Unlike the explosive release of heat energy that occurs when H 2 and O2 are combined (with a spark for activation energy), cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps. ...
... Unlike the explosive release of heat energy that occurs when H 2 and O2 are combined (with a spark for activation energy), cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps. ...
chapt 6
... Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system. Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen. Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. ...
... Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system. Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen. Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. ...
CHE 4310 Fall 2011
... 6. Show the three reactions in the citric acid cycle in which NADH is produced, including the structures. None of these reactions involves molecular oxygen (O2), but all three reactions are strongly inhibited by anaerobic conditions; explain why. ...
... 6. Show the three reactions in the citric acid cycle in which NADH is produced, including the structures. None of these reactions involves molecular oxygen (O2), but all three reactions are strongly inhibited by anaerobic conditions; explain why. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)