Unit 4.4: Anaerobic Respiration
... only enough energy to make two ATP molecules. With oxygen, organisms can break down glucose all the way to carbon dioxide. This releases enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules. Thus, aerobic respiration releases much more energy than anaerobic respiration. The amount of energy produced by a ...
... only enough energy to make two ATP molecules. With oxygen, organisms can break down glucose all the way to carbon dioxide. This releases enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules. Thus, aerobic respiration releases much more energy than anaerobic respiration. The amount of energy produced by a ...
GI Physiology MCQs
... falls about 10% during sleep is increased by tension falls about 40% during prolonged fasting increases in high and low environmental temperatures ...
... falls about 10% during sleep is increased by tension falls about 40% during prolonged fasting increases in high and low environmental temperatures ...
The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on performance, hormonal and
... 30% of the pre-exercise value within 60 min, while insulin and glucose levels were elevated. The main conclusions of this study are: (1) a L-CHO diet is detrimental to anaerobic work capacity, possibly because of a reduced muscle glycogen store and decreased rate of glycolysis; (2) reduced carbohyd ...
... 30% of the pre-exercise value within 60 min, while insulin and glucose levels were elevated. The main conclusions of this study are: (1) a L-CHO diet is detrimental to anaerobic work capacity, possibly because of a reduced muscle glycogen store and decreased rate of glycolysis; (2) reduced carbohyd ...
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism
... A reduction occurs when a ______________ ion forms a bond with an organic compound. ...
... A reduction occurs when a ______________ ion forms a bond with an organic compound. ...
Nov_16
... o Part of the filling up reaction o Citric synthase…part of TCA cycle o Allosterically regulated by acetyl-CoA o When Pyruvate carboxylase is activated, Oxaloacetate up, more citrate can be formed, therefore reducing acetyl-COA and boosting TCA cycle This is called a “filling up reaction” Uncoupli ...
... o Part of the filling up reaction o Citric synthase…part of TCA cycle o Allosterically regulated by acetyl-CoA o When Pyruvate carboxylase is activated, Oxaloacetate up, more citrate can be formed, therefore reducing acetyl-COA and boosting TCA cycle This is called a “filling up reaction” Uncoupli ...
Getting to grips with the plant metabolic network
... genetic studies of metabolism, there is an unprecedented density of both mechanistic and descriptive data relating to metabolic behaviour. Added to that list is the current accumulation of large molecular profiling datasets from transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic experiments. Nevertheless, de ...
... genetic studies of metabolism, there is an unprecedented density of both mechanistic and descriptive data relating to metabolic behaviour. Added to that list is the current accumulation of large molecular profiling datasets from transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic experiments. Nevertheless, de ...
5 carbohydrates and the Krebs Cycle
... FRUCTOSE is converted to fructose-6-phosphate, analogous process to the phosphorylation of glucose; its even mediated by the same enzyme (hexokinase). The reaction of fructose phosphorylation can occur in the ABSENCE of insulin; but most of this occurs in the intestine, so it is not especially great ...
... FRUCTOSE is converted to fructose-6-phosphate, analogous process to the phosphorylation of glucose; its even mediated by the same enzyme (hexokinase). The reaction of fructose phosphorylation can occur in the ABSENCE of insulin; but most of this occurs in the intestine, so it is not especially great ...
Krebs Cycle - 2008 BIOCHEM 201
... • Function of citric acid cycle is to oxidize organic molecules under aerobic conditions. • 8 reactions in the Krebs cycle • Pyruvate is degraded to CO2. • 1 GTP (ATP in bacteria) and 1 FADH2 are produced during one turn of the cycle. • 3 NADH are produced during one turn of the cycle. • NADH and FA ...
... • Function of citric acid cycle is to oxidize organic molecules under aerobic conditions. • 8 reactions in the Krebs cycle • Pyruvate is degraded to CO2. • 1 GTP (ATP in bacteria) and 1 FADH2 are produced during one turn of the cycle. • 3 NADH are produced during one turn of the cycle. • NADH and FA ...
NME2.35: amino acid and protein metabolism 13/03/08
... Ammonia comes from a number of sources in the body: o Amino acids – most important source o Enteric bacterial action o Muscle (purine nucleotide cycle) o Oxidative deamination of glutamate o Amines – from diet, hormones etc. Ammonia is neurotoxic and its plasma concentration is kept within narrow li ...
... Ammonia comes from a number of sources in the body: o Amino acids – most important source o Enteric bacterial action o Muscle (purine nucleotide cycle) o Oxidative deamination of glutamate o Amines – from diet, hormones etc. Ammonia is neurotoxic and its plasma concentration is kept within narrow li ...
S0735109710011502_mmc1
... The myocardial expression level of mRNAs for proinflammatory cytokines and hypertrophy markers was determined by a real-time RT-PCR (5). Briefly, total RNA from tissue samples (50 mg each) was isolated by guanidinium thiocyanate-phenolchloroform extraction (19), treated with DNase (Ambion) to remove ...
... The myocardial expression level of mRNAs for proinflammatory cytokines and hypertrophy markers was determined by a real-time RT-PCR (5). Briefly, total RNA from tissue samples (50 mg each) was isolated by guanidinium thiocyanate-phenolchloroform extraction (19), treated with DNase (Ambion) to remove ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Bell work
... • Objective: I will review the processes of cellular respiration and fermentation through four corner activity. ...
... • Objective: I will review the processes of cellular respiration and fermentation through four corner activity. ...
Metabolism
... smaller polysaccharides (dextrins), maltose, and some glucose. • In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose. • The disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. • The monosaccharides enter the bloodstream for transport to th ...
... smaller polysaccharides (dextrins), maltose, and some glucose. • In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose. • The disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. • The monosaccharides enter the bloodstream for transport to th ...
1) Which of the following statements describes the results of this
... 7) Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation? A) 1 B) 2 C) 11 D) 12 E) 24 Answer: A (ATP made in the diagram only) ...
... 7) Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation? A) 1 B) 2 C) 11 D) 12 E) 24 Answer: A (ATP made in the diagram only) ...
Cell Respiration Power Point
... It is to make and break bonds to generate ATP and electrons. You end up with ATP, H ions and electrons. The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase. ****Hydrogen ions are bonded with oxygen to make water which is used in photosynthesis. ...
... It is to make and break bonds to generate ATP and electrons. You end up with ATP, H ions and electrons. The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase. ****Hydrogen ions are bonded with oxygen to make water which is used in photosynthesis. ...
Ketogenesis (Biosynthesis of ketone bodies)
... exceed the oxidative capacity of the liver. How 3. They are used in proportion to their concentration in the blood by extrahepatic tissues (skeletal & cardiac muscle & renal cortex). 4. Brain, heart & muscle can use ketone bodies to meet their energy needs if the blood levels rise sufficiently (duri ...
... exceed the oxidative capacity of the liver. How 3. They are used in proportion to their concentration in the blood by extrahepatic tissues (skeletal & cardiac muscle & renal cortex). 4. Brain, heart & muscle can use ketone bodies to meet their energy needs if the blood levels rise sufficiently (duri ...
Electron-Transport Chain and ATP production
... 1a. At enzyme complex I, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and e- are transferred between different proteins in this cluster, then to coenzyme Q (CoQ or Ubiquinone). Protons are pumped. 1b. FADH2 is oxidized (transfers its e-) to the CoQ at enzyme complex II. The reduced CoQ joins the rest of the “chain”. 2. ...
... 1a. At enzyme complex I, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and e- are transferred between different proteins in this cluster, then to coenzyme Q (CoQ or Ubiquinone). Protons are pumped. 1b. FADH2 is oxidized (transfers its e-) to the CoQ at enzyme complex II. The reduced CoQ joins the rest of the “chain”. 2. ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)
... 3) When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. B) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed. C) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. D) The more elec ...
... 3) When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. B) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed. C) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. D) The more elec ...
Key area 2 * Cellular respiration
... • During respiration, glucose is gradually broken down and hydrogen released at various stages along the pathway. Each of these stages is controlled by an enzyme called a dehydrogenase. ...
... • During respiration, glucose is gradually broken down and hydrogen released at various stages along the pathway. Each of these stages is controlled by an enzyme called a dehydrogenase. ...
6. Respiration - WordPress.com
... Yeast and plants cannot metabolise ethanol into another substance. Therefore this form of anaerobic respiration is irreversible. ...
... Yeast and plants cannot metabolise ethanol into another substance. Therefore this form of anaerobic respiration is irreversible. ...
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
... Method by which most ATP formed Small carbon chains transfer hydrogens to transporter (NAD or FADH) which enters the electron transport chain ...
... Method by which most ATP formed Small carbon chains transfer hydrogens to transporter (NAD or FADH) which enters the electron transport chain ...
How Much Protein? - Hammer Nutrition
... muscle synthesis following exercise. Though the 4:1 ratio is popular and rational, a 3:1, 2:1, or 1:1 ratios need to be evaluated. The research report (above) in elderly subjects consumed only a 4:3 carbohydrate:protein during their post-exercise recovery intervention. Some researchers demonstrate t ...
... muscle synthesis following exercise. Though the 4:1 ratio is popular and rational, a 3:1, 2:1, or 1:1 ratios need to be evaluated. The research report (above) in elderly subjects consumed only a 4:3 carbohydrate:protein during their post-exercise recovery intervention. Some researchers demonstrate t ...
Cellular Respiration
... A catabolic (molecule breakdown), exergonic (energy tranformation), oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Energy is held in the phosphate bonds. glucose ...
... A catabolic (molecule breakdown), exergonic (energy tranformation), oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Energy is held in the phosphate bonds. glucose ...
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION
... • 3-D structure - the amino acid sequence causes bonds to form and the polypeptide to fold into a 3D shape. • The 3D shape causes the enzyme to form an active site - this is a “hole” that forms and is able to bind onto other molecules by forming temporary bonds between them. • The molecule that the ...
... • 3-D structure - the amino acid sequence causes bonds to form and the polypeptide to fold into a 3D shape. • The 3D shape causes the enzyme to form an active site - this is a “hole” that forms and is able to bind onto other molecules by forming temporary bonds between them. • The molecule that the ...
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. (McNab, B. K. 1997). On the Utility of Uniformity in the Definition of Basal Rate of Metabolism. Physiol. Zool. Vol.70; Metabolism refers to the processes that the body needs to function. Basal Metabolic Rate is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Some of those processes are breathing, blood circulation, controlling body temperature, cell growth, brain and nerve function, and contraction of muscles. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) affects the rate that a person burns calories and ultimately whether you maintain, gain, or lose weight. Your basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the calories you burn every day. It is influenced by several factors.