Energy and Metabolism
... undergo the Kreb’s cycle to make more energy molecules. It uses NAD because it becomes reduced to NADH. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Citric Acid Cycle In the mitochondria Oxygen, pyruvate, and acetate (in the form of Acetyl CoA) It uses pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) and it also uses ...
... undergo the Kreb’s cycle to make more energy molecules. It uses NAD because it becomes reduced to NADH. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Citric Acid Cycle In the mitochondria Oxygen, pyruvate, and acetate (in the form of Acetyl CoA) It uses pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) and it also uses ...
3.1 METABOLIC PATHWAYS §3.1a Overview of
... - Living organisms are thermodynamically open systems that tend to maintain a steady-state rather than reach equilibrium—doing so would equate to death! - “Steady-state” implies that the rates of synthesis and degradation of metabolic intermediates within a cell are more or less equal such that thei ...
... - Living organisms are thermodynamically open systems that tend to maintain a steady-state rather than reach equilibrium—doing so would equate to death! - “Steady-state” implies that the rates of synthesis and degradation of metabolic intermediates within a cell are more or less equal such that thei ...
Document
... (higher) (lower) (unchanged) (can’t predict) Catalyst speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to form a transition state. 4B2. In the absence of sucrase the amount of energy released or absorbed, depending on your answer to 4A, would: (increase) (decrease) (be unchanged) (can’t p ...
... (higher) (lower) (unchanged) (can’t predict) Catalyst speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to form a transition state. 4B2. In the absence of sucrase the amount of energy released or absorbed, depending on your answer to 4A, would: (increase) (decrease) (be unchanged) (can’t p ...
Facilitated Diffusion vs. Active Transport
... • Particles always move with (down) a concentration gradient. • Uses transport/channel proteins. • Passive transport. • Usually for specific molecules such as glucose. • Facilitated diffusion stops at equilibrium. ...
... • Particles always move with (down) a concentration gradient. • Uses transport/channel proteins. • Passive transport. • Usually for specific molecules such as glucose. • Facilitated diffusion stops at equilibrium. ...
Overview of the Origin of Life
... • Thought the earth was once very different and contained ammonia NH3, hydrogen gas, and water vapor. • Thought these elements formed organic compounds of amino acids. • Complex chemical reactions might have occurred to bring about macromolecules essential for life. (Name some?) ...
... • Thought the earth was once very different and contained ammonia NH3, hydrogen gas, and water vapor. • Thought these elements formed organic compounds of amino acids. • Complex chemical reactions might have occurred to bring about macromolecules essential for life. (Name some?) ...
Name
... c. May have evolved from gibbons but not rats d. Is more closely related to humans than to rats e. May have evolved from rats but not from humans and gibbons 8. Proteins like hemoglobin and insulin have different structures because they have different ______________________, which is also known as t ...
... c. May have evolved from gibbons but not rats d. Is more closely related to humans than to rats e. May have evolved from rats but not from humans and gibbons 8. Proteins like hemoglobin and insulin have different structures because they have different ______________________, which is also known as t ...
Biology I Review_2016
... protect plants from dehydration as well as from insect or bacterial assault. Earwax is a protective barrier in many animals against microscopic invaders. Although considered a lipid, steroids are not composed of fatty acids. They are still very nonpolar, however, due to a structure of 4 fused hydroc ...
... protect plants from dehydration as well as from insect or bacterial assault. Earwax is a protective barrier in many animals against microscopic invaders. Although considered a lipid, steroids are not composed of fatty acids. They are still very nonpolar, however, due to a structure of 4 fused hydroc ...
Protein Unit Study Guide/Review Sheets
... What element(s) ALWAYS comprise proteins? C, H, O, N Are proteins organic? YES What element(s) MAY be present in proteins? S What is the name of the monomer of proteins? AMINO ACID What type of bond links amino acids together? PEPTIDE BOND What functional groups is shared between ALL amino acids (gi ...
... What element(s) ALWAYS comprise proteins? C, H, O, N Are proteins organic? YES What element(s) MAY be present in proteins? S What is the name of the monomer of proteins? AMINO ACID What type of bond links amino acids together? PEPTIDE BOND What functional groups is shared between ALL amino acids (gi ...
File
... • Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP ...
... • Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP ...
Exam #1
... Synthase. From chap 20: dehydrogenase, reductase, Lipases. There could also be questions pertaining to Case study 23, 25 and exercise #1 and #2. Also, Know how to draw Pyruvate. Chapter 18 –Know the basic structure of the mitochondria—what locations do glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transpo ...
... Synthase. From chap 20: dehydrogenase, reductase, Lipases. There could also be questions pertaining to Case study 23, 25 and exercise #1 and #2. Also, Know how to draw Pyruvate. Chapter 18 –Know the basic structure of the mitochondria—what locations do glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transpo ...
BIOL 1322 - Victoria College
... What are the benefits and risks of taking protein and amino acid supplements? ...
... What are the benefits and risks of taking protein and amino acid supplements? ...
Method S1.
... Glutathione disulfide reductase activity assay, based on GSH reduction of 5,5’-dithiobis-(2nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), was carried out according to Smith et al. (1988) with minor modifications. Assay mixture (1 ml) containing 0.14 mM NADPH, 0.43 mM GSSG, 0.45 mM DTNB, and cell-free sample (20-30 µl; ...
... Glutathione disulfide reductase activity assay, based on GSH reduction of 5,5’-dithiobis-(2nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), was carried out according to Smith et al. (1988) with minor modifications. Assay mixture (1 ml) containing 0.14 mM NADPH, 0.43 mM GSSG, 0.45 mM DTNB, and cell-free sample (20-30 µl; ...
Answer the following short questions Q 1
... DNA is the information storage mRNA is the information carrier Protein is the information product The monomeric units of nucleic acids are nucleotide Nucleosides contain monosaccharide, D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose, linked to N-1 of pyrimidine or N-9 of purines, by a o-glycosidic linkage Each nucleo ...
... DNA is the information storage mRNA is the information carrier Protein is the information product The monomeric units of nucleic acids are nucleotide Nucleosides contain monosaccharide, D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose, linked to N-1 of pyrimidine or N-9 of purines, by a o-glycosidic linkage Each nucleo ...
Nutrition and Metabolism (Chap 4)
... An external terminal electron acceptor is absent Fermentation does not use an electron transport chain or the generation of a PMF Fermentations are internally balanced oxidation-reduction reactions – i.e., the terminal electron acceptor is derived from the initial substrate or electron donor ( ...
... An external terminal electron acceptor is absent Fermentation does not use an electron transport chain or the generation of a PMF Fermentations are internally balanced oxidation-reduction reactions – i.e., the terminal electron acceptor is derived from the initial substrate or electron donor ( ...
Microbial Metabolism
... Substrate + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+→ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH→ endproduct + 2 NAD+ The fermentation pathway achieves the following • Balances the redox reactions • Regenerates oxidizing power (oxidized coenzymes) – NAD+ Different Fermentation Pathways occur in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic cells ...
... Substrate + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+→ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH→ endproduct + 2 NAD+ The fermentation pathway achieves the following • Balances the redox reactions • Regenerates oxidizing power (oxidized coenzymes) – NAD+ Different Fermentation Pathways occur in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic cells ...
Metabolism: Citric acid cycle
... Aconitase reacts stereo-specifically, which means that the two carbon atoms from acetyl CoA end up at the bottom of isocitrate. In an experiment a carbon atom of pyruvate is labelled with 14C. After how many cycles does this carbon atom first appear in released CO2, and in which step? A. Methyl carb ...
... Aconitase reacts stereo-specifically, which means that the two carbon atoms from acetyl CoA end up at the bottom of isocitrate. In an experiment a carbon atom of pyruvate is labelled with 14C. After how many cycles does this carbon atom first appear in released CO2, and in which step? A. Methyl carb ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Systems
... are produced and 2 are used (net production = 36 ATP). • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (glycolysis), then acetyl coenzyme A, and this is broken to form carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy to resynthesise ATP. • Remember that glycolysis occurs in the sarcoplasm whilst Kreb’s cycle ...
... are produced and 2 are used (net production = 36 ATP). • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (glycolysis), then acetyl coenzyme A, and this is broken to form carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy to resynthesise ATP. • Remember that glycolysis occurs in the sarcoplasm whilst Kreb’s cycle ...
Ecology Review Science Department
... 20. What are the elements that make up a protein? CHON Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen ...
... 20. What are the elements that make up a protein? CHON Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen ...
Respiration and Photosynthesis
... Calvin Cycle (Light Independent) • 6 carbon dioxide molecules eneter cycle from atmosphere and combine with 6 5 carbon molecules to make 12 3 carbon molecules • Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert the 12 3 carbon molecules into high energy forms • 2 of the 12 3 carbon molecules are removed ...
... Calvin Cycle (Light Independent) • 6 carbon dioxide molecules eneter cycle from atmosphere and combine with 6 5 carbon molecules to make 12 3 carbon molecules • Energy from ATP and NADPH is used to convert the 12 3 carbon molecules into high energy forms • 2 of the 12 3 carbon molecules are removed ...
No Slide Title
... When a process is conditioned as to its rapidity by a number of separate factors the rate of the process is limited by the pace of the slowest factor. This statement is wrong if taken literally. In a linear metabolic pathway all reactions operate at the same rate in the steady state. What was really ...
... When a process is conditioned as to its rapidity by a number of separate factors the rate of the process is limited by the pace of the slowest factor. This statement is wrong if taken literally. In a linear metabolic pathway all reactions operate at the same rate in the steady state. What was really ...
Assignment 5 Bioenergy/ Photosynthesis
... A. Sunlight strikes two separate chlorophyll based photosynthetic pigment systems (remarkably called Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII)) which excite two electrons within a core magnesium atom of each pigment system (labelled P680 and P700 in the figure below the numbers refer to the wave ...
... A. Sunlight strikes two separate chlorophyll based photosynthetic pigment systems (remarkably called Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII)) which excite two electrons within a core magnesium atom of each pigment system (labelled P680 and P700 in the figure below the numbers refer to the wave ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.