De niet-covalente interacties
... water molecules that surround the apolar surface in a stiff, ice-like structure. • The released water molecules have more possibilities to interact with other water molecules in solution. • This results in an increase of the entropy (S) of the water in: G = H TS. This results in a decrease in th ...
... water molecules that surround the apolar surface in a stiff, ice-like structure. • The released water molecules have more possibilities to interact with other water molecules in solution. • This results in an increase of the entropy (S) of the water in: G = H TS. This results in a decrease in th ...
Assignment 5 Bioenergy/ Photosynthesis
... A. Sunlight strikes two separate chlorophyll based photosynthetic pigment systems (remarkably called Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII)) which excite two electrons within a core magnesium atom of each pigment system (labelled P680 and P700 in the figure below the numbers refer to the wave ...
... A. Sunlight strikes two separate chlorophyll based photosynthetic pigment systems (remarkably called Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII)) which excite two electrons within a core magnesium atom of each pigment system (labelled P680 and P700 in the figure below the numbers refer to the wave ...
Problem Set 3 (Due February 4th) 1. In 1896, Christiaan Eijkman
... inhibited by the activity of another enzyme, IDH kinase/phosphorylase (gene aceK). This enzyme, which is part of an operon containing genes for Malate Synthase and Isocitrate Lyase (the two enzymes of the glyoxylate bypass), can inactivate IDH through phosphorylation. This inactivation of IDH decrea ...
... inhibited by the activity of another enzyme, IDH kinase/phosphorylase (gene aceK). This enzyme, which is part of an operon containing genes for Malate Synthase and Isocitrate Lyase (the two enzymes of the glyoxylate bypass), can inactivate IDH through phosphorylation. This inactivation of IDH decrea ...
CHAPTER 6
... The intermediates serve as substrates for anabolism Glycolysis The citric acid cycle Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Pentose phosphate pathway Fatty acid oxidation ...
... The intermediates serve as substrates for anabolism Glycolysis The citric acid cycle Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation Pentose phosphate pathway Fatty acid oxidation ...
MODULE 2
... 76. Each end of the DNA double helix contains a 5’ end at one strand and the 3’ end on the other strand. This describes what characteristic of the DNA structure? A. Base pairing B. Complementary C. Antiparallel D. Semiconservative replication ...
... 76. Each end of the DNA double helix contains a 5’ end at one strand and the 3’ end on the other strand. This describes what characteristic of the DNA structure? A. Base pairing B. Complementary C. Antiparallel D. Semiconservative replication ...
Chapter 18
... 25. Define energy balance. Energy balance exists when the caloric intake equals the caloric output. 26. Explain what is meant by desirable weight. Desirable weight is a weight that is based on the height-weight guidelines that are based upon people that live the longest. It is difficult to define at ...
... 25. Define energy balance. Energy balance exists when the caloric intake equals the caloric output. 26. Explain what is meant by desirable weight. Desirable weight is a weight that is based on the height-weight guidelines that are based upon people that live the longest. It is difficult to define at ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... three stage - Organic fuel molecules are oxidized to yield twocarbon fragemnts in the form of acetyla –coA - The acetyl group is oxidized into carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle; energy released is conserved in the NADH and FADH2 - This reduced coenzyme transferred electron to oxygen through ET ...
... three stage - Organic fuel molecules are oxidized to yield twocarbon fragemnts in the form of acetyla –coA - The acetyl group is oxidized into carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle; energy released is conserved in the NADH and FADH2 - This reduced coenzyme transferred electron to oxygen through ET ...
Chapter 8 - Energy and Enzymes
... A hydrogen ion gradient is also used to produce ATP in the chloroplast (diagram below). In this case, sunlight provides energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. The energy of their movement back into the stroma by osmotic pressure is used to produce ATP. The enzyme that uses a hydrogen ion ...
... A hydrogen ion gradient is also used to produce ATP in the chloroplast (diagram below). In this case, sunlight provides energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. The energy of their movement back into the stroma by osmotic pressure is used to produce ATP. The enzyme that uses a hydrogen ion ...
BI101SQ Key Ch17
... prokaryotes. This was a great advantage to the early cells, especially if they consumed a cell that could produce its own energy, as a mitochondrion can. Section 17-2. 12. The bacterial sequence would be most similar to that of the plant mitochondrion, because (as the descendant of the immediate anc ...
... prokaryotes. This was a great advantage to the early cells, especially if they consumed a cell that could produce its own energy, as a mitochondrion can. Section 17-2. 12. The bacterial sequence would be most similar to that of the plant mitochondrion, because (as the descendant of the immediate anc ...
Enzymes Webquest - Wando High School
... What is a chemical reaction? What is a catalyst? How do enzymes impact chemical reactions What is their impact on energy transfer and metabolism within a biological system? What is activation energy? What are the two broad kinds of chemical reactions? How do enzymes impact the production and consump ...
... What is a chemical reaction? What is a catalyst? How do enzymes impact chemical reactions What is their impact on energy transfer and metabolism within a biological system? What is activation energy? What are the two broad kinds of chemical reactions? How do enzymes impact the production and consump ...
Solutions - MIT OpenCourseWare
... Cells that lack triose phosphate isomerase can complete glycolysis using only G3P, but this generates only 2 ATP. In these cells under anaerobic conditions there is no net gain of ATP from glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, the single pyruvate can be further oxidized to generate a little more ATP ...
... Cells that lack triose phosphate isomerase can complete glycolysis using only G3P, but this generates only 2 ATP. In these cells under anaerobic conditions there is no net gain of ATP from glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, the single pyruvate can be further oxidized to generate a little more ATP ...
Intro to Bio 11 PPT - Mr. Gandha`s Website!
... and internal membranes and many are highly specialized • Eukaryotes contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell • Some are single-celled and others form multi-cellular organisms. • Plants, animals, fungi and protists are eukaryotes ...
... and internal membranes and many are highly specialized • Eukaryotes contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell • Some are single-celled and others form multi-cellular organisms. • Plants, animals, fungi and protists are eukaryotes ...
biology 2402
... manageable amounts of energy from one molecule to another. ATP, the "energy currency" of a living cell, is the molecule that accomplishes this transfer of manageable energy. A typical cell has about a billion molecules of ATP, which usually lasts for less than a minuet before being used. It is there ...
... manageable amounts of energy from one molecule to another. ATP, the "energy currency" of a living cell, is the molecule that accomplishes this transfer of manageable energy. A typical cell has about a billion molecules of ATP, which usually lasts for less than a minuet before being used. It is there ...
End of Chapter 18 Questions
... 9. Defince beta-oxidation. Beta-oxidation decomposes fatty acids. Beta-oxidation activates fatty acids and breaks them down into segments of two carbon atoms each. 10. Explain how fats may provide energy. Fatty acid segments are converted into acetyl coenzyme A, which can then be oxidized in the cit ...
... 9. Defince beta-oxidation. Beta-oxidation decomposes fatty acids. Beta-oxidation activates fatty acids and breaks them down into segments of two carbon atoms each. 10. Explain how fats may provide energy. Fatty acid segments are converted into acetyl coenzyme A, which can then be oxidized in the cit ...
Macromolecules of Life – Lecture 1
... complex with any one able to change into the other, through many steps and much energy input. ...
... complex with any one able to change into the other, through many steps and much energy input. ...
Chapter 5
... Monomer - repeating unit that serves as the building blocks of a polymer Dehydration reaction - a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule (Fig 5.2) Hydrolysis - a reaction in which polymers are disassembled. The reverse of a dehydration re ...
... Monomer - repeating unit that serves as the building blocks of a polymer Dehydration reaction - a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule (Fig 5.2) Hydrolysis - a reaction in which polymers are disassembled. The reverse of a dehydration re ...
Photosynthesis- is the process that converts light energy
... light reaction, the Calvin cycle and the Hatch-Slack pathway. These C4 plants also have a different anatomy. This Hatch-Slack pathway is able to deliver dwindling supplies of CO2 when the stomates are closed. The enzyme (PEP carboxylase) that fixes the CO2, combines it with a three carbon compound, ...
... light reaction, the Calvin cycle and the Hatch-Slack pathway. These C4 plants also have a different anatomy. This Hatch-Slack pathway is able to deliver dwindling supplies of CO2 when the stomates are closed. The enzyme (PEP carboxylase) that fixes the CO2, combines it with a three carbon compound, ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
... Answer- Bioenergetic Conversion, Foods are broken down into their smallest units (glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids). These Units are then eventually converted into a high energy storing molecule called ATP, which in turn can be broken down by the body’s cells releasing energy! ...
... Answer- Bioenergetic Conversion, Foods are broken down into their smallest units (glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids). These Units are then eventually converted into a high energy storing molecule called ATP, which in turn can be broken down by the body’s cells releasing energy! ...
AP Bio - Semester 1 Review
... When we die, we decompose to make ammonia (NH3) which stinks. Bacteria convert NH3 back to NH4 by ammonification so plants can take it back up. o Phosphorous – Needed for ATP, DNA, Phopspholipids Initially in rocks which break down through weathering, and it is released into the soil. Goes i ...
... When we die, we decompose to make ammonia (NH3) which stinks. Bacteria convert NH3 back to NH4 by ammonification so plants can take it back up. o Phosphorous – Needed for ATP, DNA, Phopspholipids Initially in rocks which break down through weathering, and it is released into the soil. Goes i ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.