Download Intro to Bio 11 PPT - Mr. Gandha`s Website!

WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 11
Mr. Gandha
TOPICS OF BIOLOGY 11
Chemicals of life
Cells
Evolution
Taxonomy
Microbio
Plants
Animals
BIOLOGY THIS SEMESTER
Review of Biology and Processes
Adaptation and Evolution: A theory to explain relationships between living things
Microbiology: The study of microscopic organisms
Viruses
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista - briefly
Plant biology: The study of plants
Green Algae, Mosses, Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Animal biology: The study of animals (you may be surprised!)
Kingdoms Porifera and Cnidaria
Kingdoms Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida
Kingdoms Mollusca and Echinodermata
Kingdom Arthropoda
Kingdom Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata
THE CELL
Cells: Part 1
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
• State the 2 types of cells
• Relate the structure to function for all the
organelles
TYPES OF CELLS
There are two types of cells:
1. Prokaryotic
2. Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES
• Cells fall into two broad
categories, depending on
whether they contain a nucleus
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• A nucleus is a large membraneenclosed structure that contains
the cell’s genetic material in the
form of DNA
• Prokaryotic cells are cells that
do not contain a nuclei and
Eukaryotes are cells that contain
a nuclei
PROKARYOTES
• Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes, although many
exceptions
• Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a
nucleus
• They all grow, reproduce, respond to their environment, and some can
move
•Typically we call prokaryotes, Bacteria
EUKARYOTES
• Generally these cells are larger
• Usually contain dozens of structures
and internal membranes and many
are highly specialized
• Eukaryotes contain a nucleus in
which their genetic material is
separated from the rest of the cell
• Some are single-celled and others
form multi-cellular organisms.
• Plants, animals, fungi and protists
are eukaryotes
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER??
Label your eukaryotic cells – Plant and Animals
CELL MEMBRANE
AKA: Plasma
Membrane
Confines the
cytoplasm
Controls what enters
and leaves the cell
Made of a
phospholipid bilayer
CELL MEMBRANE
Structure of Cell Membrane
The fatty acid tails are “water
hating”
The phosphate heads are
“water loving”
There are proteins embedded in
the membrane to transport
molecules through the
membrane
NUCLEUS
• Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and
with it the coded instructions for making
proteins and other important molecules
• Nuclear envelope a double layer of
nuclear membrane with pores
• Chromatin – DNA with protein (synthesis)
•Houses nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleoli
•Nucleolus – Where Ribosomes are
assembled
•Nuclear membrane is connected to the RER
RER & SER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Made of cell membrane
folded into sacs
There are two types:
1. Rough: has ribosomes
attached
2. Smooth: no ribosomes
attached
RER & SER
RER: processes proteins
and sends them to the
Golgi Apparatus
SER: makes lipids,
contain enzymes for
specialized tasks,
detoxifies poisons, drugs
and other toxins
RIBOSOMES
• Found attached to the RER and
floating in the cytoplasm
• Are the site of protein synthesis
• They receive coded instructions that
come from the nucleus
GOLGI BODY
AKA: Golgi Apparatus or
Golgi Complex
Made of flattened sacs of
cell membrane
Receives and exports
proteins via vesicles
VACUOLES & VESICLES
Membrane bound sacs
used for storage
Formed from ER and Golgi
Apparatus
MITOCHONDRIA
Powerhouse of the cell
Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy
(ATP)
Mitochondria comes from your mom!
CHLOROPLAST
Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only
Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical
energy (glucose)
MIRCROTUBULES
•Hollow structures made up of
proteins
• Maintain cell shape
• Cell division
•Centrioles:
•Located near the nucleus and
help to organize cell division
•Centrioles are not found in
plant cells
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Microtubules also help build projections from the cell
surface for things like flagella and cilia
Flagella: move cells
Cilia: move things past cells
CYTOSKELETON
Gives the cell its shape
and supports organelles
Moves things inside the cell
Made of microtubules,
microfilaments and
intermediate filaments
LYSOSOMES & PEROXISOMES
•Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes
that digest or breakdown lipids,
proteins, and carbohydrates
•Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and
detoxify parts of the cell
YOUR TURN!
Crash Course Video
Complete the Chart on Cell Organelles
DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
The Cell: Part 2
DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
DIFFUSION
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the solvent
it is called equilibrium.
What does this have to do with cell membranes?
OSMOSIS
Cell membranes are selectively permeable. Some substances cannot
diffuse across them.
Water can pass quite easily through the cell membrane to balance out
the concentration and reach equilibrium.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane.
SOLUTIONS
Isotonic – When the concentration of two solutions is the same.
Hypertonic – The solution with the greater concentration of solutes.
Hypotonic – The solution with the lesser concentration of solutes.
DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
Diffusion
Movement of PARTICLES from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
Osmosis
Movement of WATER from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
OSMOSIS DETAILS
Isotonic: equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell
 the concentration of the solute is equal on both sides of the cell membrane
 No net gain of water into or out of the cell
Hypertonic: higher concentration of water inside the cell
 the concentration of the solute is higher outside of the cell
 Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks
Hypotonic: lower concentration of water inside the cell
 the concentration of the solute is higher on the inside of the cell so water moves into the cell; the cell
swells (if too much it can burst!  LYSIS!)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
The Cell: Part 3
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
A little side-step from all the organelles - Protein Synthesis Demo
DNA – Hank video!
You should be able to describe how these structures work together:
Hormone/Chemical messenger
Nuclear Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus
Nucleolus
DNA
mRNA
Vesicles
RER
Golgi body
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. The nucleus receives a chemical
signal to make a specific protein
(RNA)
2. The DNA message for a specific
protein is copied into a small
molecule called ribonucleic acid or
RNA
3. RNA leaves through a nuclear
pore
4. The RNA message is delivered to
the ribosome, where the protein is
made
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CONT’D
5. 5. The manufactured protein
enters the ER
6. 6. A vesicle forms off the end
of the ER and carries the vesicle
to Golgi body
7. Golgi repackages the protein
for transport
8. A vesicle forms off the end of
Golgi to cell membrane
9. The vesicle attached to cell
membrane and is release out
LIFE AND ITS MAJOR
MOLECULES
Intro to Bio
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
Describe the 8 characteristics of life
Draw the structure of the 4 molecules of life
State the function and examples of the 4 molecules of life
THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. All life is made up of at least one
cell or more cells
2. All life must eat
3. All life grows - increasing its
biomass
4. All life reproduces itself
THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
5. All life responds to its environment
6. All life adapts - evolves - to survive in its environment
7. All life maintains internal and external homeostasis (stable internal
environments)
8. All life ends
4 MOLECULES OF LIFE
Cytoplasm is made of 4 types of molecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
These molecules are composed mostly of four elements: H, O, C,
&N
Video – Crash Course – You are what you eat
CARBOHYDRATES
Function: energy for cell and structure
There are 3 types:
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES CONTINUED
Monosaccharides are a
single unit of sugar
If two monosaccharides are
combined together, the result
is called a disaccharide
If there are many
monosaccharides combined,
the resulting molecule is a
polysaccharide
EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides: glucose,
fructose, galactose
Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose,
maltose
Polysaccharides: Amylose, chitin,
glycogen, cellulose
LIPIDS (FATS)
There are 3 types:
1. Triglycerides: long term energy storage
2. Steroids: hormones
3. Phospholipids: used to make cell
membranes
LIPIDS CONTINUED
This is a phospholipid
Note: the two fatty acid tails
and the one glycerol head
PROTEINS
Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids
The amino acids link together to form a chain
These long chains of amino acids fold up in a very specific
way
The differences between proteins is the sequence of the
amino acids and how they are folded up
NUCLEIC ACIDS
There are two types of
nucleic acids: DNA and
RNA
A nucleic acid is
made up of small
molecules called
nucleotides (ACTG&U)
NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUED
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Largest molecule on earth!
Fits in to the nucleus and
is twisted into a double helix
NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUED
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): there are 3 types
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
All are single stranded and help DNA make
proteins
Has a U base instead of the T base
NUCLEIC ACIDS
CONTINUED
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
This is the energy molecule of life
There are 3 phosphate molecules bonded together
The last two have a lot of energy stored in their
bonds
Video – Crash Course - DNA