The Role of N- and C-terminal Amino Acids to
... The fundamental link between the primary amino acid sequence and the functional protein has long been an area of interest with much still to be discovered. The goal of studying protein folding is to ultimately predict the folded structure and the function of a protein from its primary sequence. Anfi ...
... The fundamental link between the primary amino acid sequence and the functional protein has long been an area of interest with much still to be discovered. The goal of studying protein folding is to ultimately predict the folded structure and the function of a protein from its primary sequence. Anfi ...
Fructose Intake from Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
... source of added sugar in processed foods. Along with free fructose in ripe fruit, sucrose is the main source of fructose in the New Zealand diet (1). HFCS is not widely used in New Zealand and is most commonly found in imported products (1). Researchers have linked the rise in the worldwide consumpt ...
... source of added sugar in processed foods. Along with free fructose in ripe fruit, sucrose is the main source of fructose in the New Zealand diet (1). HFCS is not widely used in New Zealand and is most commonly found in imported products (1). Researchers have linked the rise in the worldwide consumpt ...
Glycerol transport and phosphoenolpyruvate
... phosphoryl group to HPr when a rapidly metabolizable PTS substrate is present in the growth medium leading to dephosphorylation of the PTS proteins (Deutscher et al., 1993). Recently, His-232 of glycerol kinase from Ent. casseliflavus has been identified as the site of PEPdependent phosphorylation ( ...
... phosphoryl group to HPr when a rapidly metabolizable PTS substrate is present in the growth medium leading to dephosphorylation of the PTS proteins (Deutscher et al., 1993). Recently, His-232 of glycerol kinase from Ent. casseliflavus has been identified as the site of PEPdependent phosphorylation ( ...
III BSC BT - 609 W1
... 40. Fertilizers are usually enriched in __________. A. iron, manganese, and zinc. B. calcium, boron, and carbon. C. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. D. molybdenum, copper, and magnesium. ANSWER: C 41. The relationship between legumes and rhizobium is ___________. A. mutualistic. B. parasitic. C. ...
... 40. Fertilizers are usually enriched in __________. A. iron, manganese, and zinc. B. calcium, boron, and carbon. C. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. D. molybdenum, copper, and magnesium. ANSWER: C 41. The relationship between legumes and rhizobium is ___________. A. mutualistic. B. parasitic. C. ...
2,3-Butanedione. - Brewing and Distilling Analytical Services
... of pH helps spontaneous decarboxylation of a-acetolactate – proceeds rapidly at pH 3.5. Conversion of a-acetolactate to diacetyl can be minimized by use of inert gases to protect wash from oxygen. Also noted: treatment with charcoal (eg., for white spirits such as vodka can) remove undesirable compo ...
... of pH helps spontaneous decarboxylation of a-acetolactate – proceeds rapidly at pH 3.5. Conversion of a-acetolactate to diacetyl can be minimized by use of inert gases to protect wash from oxygen. Also noted: treatment with charcoal (eg., for white spirits such as vodka can) remove undesirable compo ...
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum for the -threonine
... Selection criteria would include reduced by-product formation and expanded substrate spectra. By all accounts, it is by genetic engineering that breakthroughs in efficient and clean L-threonine production will be achieved. This review covers development of L-threonine producers of E. coli and C. glut ...
... Selection criteria would include reduced by-product formation and expanded substrate spectra. By all accounts, it is by genetic engineering that breakthroughs in efficient and clean L-threonine production will be achieved. This review covers development of L-threonine producers of E. coli and C. glut ...
Fasting induces ketoacidosis and hypothermia in PDHK2/PDHK4
... highly active, promoting glucose oxidation by generating acetylCoA, which can be oxidized by the citric acid cycle or used for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. In the fasted state, the PDH complex is inactivated by phosphorylation by PDHKs (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases) to conserve three carb ...
... highly active, promoting glucose oxidation by generating acetylCoA, which can be oxidized by the citric acid cycle or used for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. In the fasted state, the PDH complex is inactivated by phosphorylation by PDHKs (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases) to conserve three carb ...
Brock_Naimi_Madina_2014
... List of Figures Figure 1: Role of Insulin in Glucose Homeostasis ............................................................... 8 Figure 2: Insulin stimulates the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade in skeletal muscle leading to increased glucose uptake....................................................... ...
... List of Figures Figure 1: Role of Insulin in Glucose Homeostasis ............................................................... 8 Figure 2: Insulin stimulates the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade in skeletal muscle leading to increased glucose uptake....................................................... ...
Rate at which glutamine enters TCA cycle influences carbon atom
... shown to be metabolized in vivo to CO2, amino acids, and organic acids, including citrate and lactate (28, 31). Through the use of isolated cells, glutamine carbon has been found in metabolites, including glutamate, CO2, lactate, alanine, aspartate, citrulline, proline, succinate, and ornithine (11, ...
... shown to be metabolized in vivo to CO2, amino acids, and organic acids, including citrate and lactate (28, 31). Through the use of isolated cells, glutamine carbon has been found in metabolites, including glutamate, CO2, lactate, alanine, aspartate, citrulline, proline, succinate, and ornithine (11, ...
Candida rugosa - Universität Stuttgart
... significantly decreased with increasing pressure from E=55 (1 bar) to E=47 (10 bar), E=37 (50 bar), and E=9 (100 bar). In order to rationalize the experimental findings, molecular dynamics simulations of Candida rugosa lipase were carried out. Analyzing the lipase geometry at 1, 10, 50, and 100 bar ...
... significantly decreased with increasing pressure from E=55 (1 bar) to E=47 (10 bar), E=37 (50 bar), and E=9 (100 bar). In order to rationalize the experimental findings, molecular dynamics simulations of Candida rugosa lipase were carried out. Analyzing the lipase geometry at 1, 10, 50, and 100 bar ...
Derivatization - Sigma
... undergo partial thermal decomposition in the gas chromatograph and they need to be made more stable. Thermal decomposition is a chemical reaction where a single compound breaks up into two or more simpler compounds when heated. Drugs, for example, are not chromatographed well because they lack the c ...
... undergo partial thermal decomposition in the gas chromatograph and they need to be made more stable. Thermal decomposition is a chemical reaction where a single compound breaks up into two or more simpler compounds when heated. Drugs, for example, are not chromatographed well because they lack the c ...
Catabolism and biotechnological applications of cholesterol
... with a great relevance in biology, medicine and chemistry, playing an essential role as a structural component of animal cell membranes. The ubiquity of cholesterol in the environment has made it a reference biomarker for environmental pollution analysis and a common carbon source for different micr ...
... with a great relevance in biology, medicine and chemistry, playing an essential role as a structural component of animal cell membranes. The ubiquity of cholesterol in the environment has made it a reference biomarker for environmental pollution analysis and a common carbon source for different micr ...
Variation in Lignin Content and Composition
... catalyzes the conversion of sinapate to sinapoyl-COA even though the vast majority of syringyl lignin-producing angiosperms do not. Conifer CCR and CAD have higher affinity for substrates that are precursors to guaiacyl lignins (feruloyl-CoA and coniferaldehyde) than they do for the syringyl-precurs ...
... catalyzes the conversion of sinapate to sinapoyl-COA even though the vast majority of syringyl lignin-producing angiosperms do not. Conifer CCR and CAD have higher affinity for substrates that are precursors to guaiacyl lignins (feruloyl-CoA and coniferaldehyde) than they do for the syringyl-precurs ...
Investigating the Porphyrias Through Analysis of
... Investigating the Porphyrias Through Analysis of Biochemical Pathways ...
... Investigating the Porphyrias Through Analysis of Biochemical Pathways ...
Metabolic regulation via intracellular pH - AJP
... examples of intracellular pH (pHi) changes accompanying defined metabolic transitions been reported (Table 1). Indeed, principally because interest in pHi long preceded the technical developments necessary to measure this very subtle parameter, many early and influential workers were led to conclude ...
... examples of intracellular pH (pHi) changes accompanying defined metabolic transitions been reported (Table 1). Indeed, principally because interest in pHi long preceded the technical developments necessary to measure this very subtle parameter, many early and influential workers were led to conclude ...
Gene Section GAST (gastrin) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... The two principal biologically active forms of circulating gastrin are gastrin-17 (G17) and gastrin-34 (G34). In rodent and human G cells of antrum and proximal duodenum, approximately 95% of the progastrin is processed to partially sulfated G17 (85%) and G34 (10%). Although G17 is the predominant p ...
... The two principal biologically active forms of circulating gastrin are gastrin-17 (G17) and gastrin-34 (G34). In rodent and human G cells of antrum and proximal duodenum, approximately 95% of the progastrin is processed to partially sulfated G17 (85%) and G34 (10%). Although G17 is the predominant p ...
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Aging Heart
... membrane via the voltage-dependent anion channel and then the inner membrane via monocarboxylate transporter system.4,5 Once in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) metabolizes pyruvate and generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and acetyl-CoA. From acetylCoA, citrate s ...
... membrane via the voltage-dependent anion channel and then the inner membrane via monocarboxylate transporter system.4,5 Once in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) metabolizes pyruvate and generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and acetyl-CoA. From acetylCoA, citrate s ...
2.2. Garrido-Franco, M. Structure E. coli
... monomers remains unclear, since all monomers display similar crystal contacts and overall folds (235 Cα atoms were aligned with an average rmsd of 0.34 Å). One remarkable difference is the binding of a phosphate ion in the active site of monomer A. The average B factor of the Pi (54.1 Å2) is slightl ...
... monomers remains unclear, since all monomers display similar crystal contacts and overall folds (235 Cα atoms were aligned with an average rmsd of 0.34 Å). One remarkable difference is the binding of a phosphate ion in the active site of monomer A. The average B factor of the Pi (54.1 Å2) is slightl ...
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Metabolism by
... PPARs are predominantly nuclear and regulate transcription by heterodimerizing with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as shown in Fig. 1. The receptor complex binds to a peroxisomal proliferator response element (PPRE) located in the regulatory region of a gene and binds to DNA in the absence of ligands ...
... PPARs are predominantly nuclear and regulate transcription by heterodimerizing with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as shown in Fig. 1. The receptor complex binds to a peroxisomal proliferator response element (PPRE) located in the regulatory region of a gene and binds to DNA in the absence of ligands ...
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF DRUGS
... or unstable. From an unstable hydroxylated metabolite a group may break off spontaneously: an alkyl group, ammonia, a halogen atom, or sulfur atom; such reactions are called oxidative dealkylation, oxidative deamination, oxidative dehalogenation, and oxidative desulfuration, respectively. CYP can al ...
... or unstable. From an unstable hydroxylated metabolite a group may break off spontaneously: an alkyl group, ammonia, a halogen atom, or sulfur atom; such reactions are called oxidative dealkylation, oxidative deamination, oxidative dehalogenation, and oxidative desulfuration, respectively. CYP can al ...
post- translational modifications
... PTM We are pleased to present a selection of our building blocks for the synthesis of PTM peptides and proteins. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) enable the cell to change the properties and activities of proteins after expression. Most of the PTMs are catalyzed by specialized enzymes. Practi ...
... PTM We are pleased to present a selection of our building blocks for the synthesis of PTM peptides and proteins. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) enable the cell to change the properties and activities of proteins after expression. Most of the PTMs are catalyzed by specialized enzymes. Practi ...
Advances in Chemical Protein Modification
... function (affinity probes, fluorophores, reactive tags, etc.). For example, increasing the circulation half-life of a therapeutic protein may be achieved by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). On the other hand, the use of a spectroscopic label to monitor biomolecule distribution in vivo enables ...
... function (affinity probes, fluorophores, reactive tags, etc.). For example, increasing the circulation half-life of a therapeutic protein may be achieved by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). On the other hand, the use of a spectroscopic label to monitor biomolecule distribution in vivo enables ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.