Fermentation of Glucose and Xylose to Hydrogen in the Presence of
... quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing ...
... quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing ...
13-Alanine as an Ethylene Precursor
... cotyledons to metabolize malonate could exert control over the biosynthesis of ethylene in this tissue. Acetyl CoA is produced by plant tissue in the metabolism of both propionate (8) and malonate (7). The similarity in tihe respiration profiles of these 2 substances certainly suggests that their me ...
... cotyledons to metabolize malonate could exert control over the biosynthesis of ethylene in this tissue. Acetyl CoA is produced by plant tissue in the metabolism of both propionate (8) and malonate (7). The similarity in tihe respiration profiles of these 2 substances certainly suggests that their me ...
Vitamins and related Compounds
... exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methylcobalamin or 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. The vitamin must be hydrolyzed from protein in order to be active. Hydrolysis occurs in the stomach by gastric acid or in the intestine by trypsin digestion following ...
... exclusively by microorganisms and is found in the liver of animals bound to protein as methylcobalamin or 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. The vitamin must be hydrolyzed from protein in order to be active. Hydrolysis occurs in the stomach by gastric acid or in the intestine by trypsin digestion following ...
Purification and Characterization of Chorismate
... (3-dehydroquinate dehydratase and shikimate dehydrogenase) form a bifunctional polypeptide, although the other five enzymes are monofunctional (reviewed in ref. 4). In Euglena gracilis, the organization of the prechorismate pathway appears to resemble that found in fungi. The first and the last step ...
... (3-dehydroquinate dehydratase and shikimate dehydrogenase) form a bifunctional polypeptide, although the other five enzymes are monofunctional (reviewed in ref. 4). In Euglena gracilis, the organization of the prechorismate pathway appears to resemble that found in fungi. The first and the last step ...
Characterization of the regulatory function of the 46
... both isoforms were almost completely eliminated at an ADP/ATP ratio of 1:3 (Zhang and Portis 1999). In order to determine how much of the 46-kDa isoform is needed to inhibit the activities of both isoforms at an ADP/ATP ratio of 1:3, the Rubisco activation activities of mixtures at 1:1, 2:1 and 4:1 ...
... both isoforms were almost completely eliminated at an ADP/ATP ratio of 1:3 (Zhang and Portis 1999). In order to determine how much of the 46-kDa isoform is needed to inhibit the activities of both isoforms at an ADP/ATP ratio of 1:3, the Rubisco activation activities of mixtures at 1:1, 2:1 and 4:1 ...
Glutamine metabolism and its effects on immune response
... releases NH3 that through mitochondrial enzymes enters the urea cycle as a substrate. The urea cycle consumes two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide, creates one molecule of urea, and regenerates a molecule of ornithine for another turn. In the kidney, the action of glutaminase ...
... releases NH3 that through mitochondrial enzymes enters the urea cycle as a substrate. The urea cycle consumes two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide, creates one molecule of urea, and regenerates a molecule of ornithine for another turn. In the kidney, the action of glutaminase ...
Localization and nucleotide specificity of Blastocystis succinyl‐CoA
... eukaryotes (Figs. S2 and S3). This inability to clearly resolve the position of the Blastocystis SCS subunits may result from a lack of a more comprehensive sampling of stramenopile and chromistan sequences. In both trees, alpha-proteobacteria are sister to eukaryotes, indicating the mitochondrial a ...
... eukaryotes (Figs. S2 and S3). This inability to clearly resolve the position of the Blastocystis SCS subunits may result from a lack of a more comprehensive sampling of stramenopile and chromistan sequences. In both trees, alpha-proteobacteria are sister to eukaryotes, indicating the mitochondrial a ...
Cyclic-‐di-‐AMP: another second messenger enters the fray
... Nucleotides are indispensible components of all living cells as they make up DNA and RNA, and serve as important energy sources. In addition to these functions, nucleotides also play key roles in signal ...
... Nucleotides are indispensible components of all living cells as they make up DNA and RNA, and serve as important energy sources. In addition to these functions, nucleotides also play key roles in signal ...
Improvement of Aspergillus nidulans penicillin production by
... biological basis of the biosynthesis and the enormous complexity of its regulation. A. nidulans is amenable to many sophisticated molecular biological methods and in addition offers the great potential of classical genetics (Todd et al., 2007). The biochemical pathway of penicillin biosynthesis cons ...
... biological basis of the biosynthesis and the enormous complexity of its regulation. A. nidulans is amenable to many sophisticated molecular biological methods and in addition offers the great potential of classical genetics (Todd et al., 2007). The biochemical pathway of penicillin biosynthesis cons ...
Mechanistic studies on the diazo transfer reaction
... As reported in the literature the diazo transfer reaction can be used to modify enzymes, antibiotics, and proteins to study their functions or to modify their activity. But in these cases, the Cu(II) catalyst is avoided lest it have any adverse effect on the structure or biological function of the p ...
... As reported in the literature the diazo transfer reaction can be used to modify enzymes, antibiotics, and proteins to study their functions or to modify their activity. But in these cases, the Cu(II) catalyst is avoided lest it have any adverse effect on the structure or biological function of the p ...
Cardiac mitochondrial matrix and respiratory complex - AJP
... number of potentially important mitochondrial protein phosphorylation sites is staggering. It is also important to note that the original results on PDH and GP were derived by initially observing acute alterations in enzymatic activity in vitro and then determining the PTMs responsible. Because of t ...
... number of potentially important mitochondrial protein phosphorylation sites is staggering. It is also important to note that the original results on PDH and GP were derived by initially observing acute alterations in enzymatic activity in vitro and then determining the PTMs responsible. Because of t ...
THE ATP SYNTHASE—A SPLENDID MOLECULAR MACHINE
... protein is blocked by a facile reaction of an intramembrane carboxyl group with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). An ATP synthase of similar structure is found in all organisms that form or cleave ATP coupled to proton translocation. The amino acid sequences of the subunits from a wide variety of sou ...
... protein is blocked by a facile reaction of an intramembrane carboxyl group with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). An ATP synthase of similar structure is found in all organisms that form or cleave ATP coupled to proton translocation. The amino acid sequences of the subunits from a wide variety of sou ...
Presentation part1-201210091211
... Under normal physiological conditions, the primary site of carnitine production is in the liver. During lactation, the production of carnitine in the mammary gland increases, apparently at the expense of production in the mother's liver, which is also accompanied by reduced hepatic enzymatic and tra ...
... Under normal physiological conditions, the primary site of carnitine production is in the liver. During lactation, the production of carnitine in the mammary gland increases, apparently at the expense of production in the mother's liver, which is also accompanied by reduced hepatic enzymatic and tra ...
6 PUFA - SENS Research Foundation
... • Membrane protein and lipid function changed (receptors, enzymes and signalling intermediates) ...
... • Membrane protein and lipid function changed (receptors, enzymes and signalling intermediates) ...
The Reciprocal Principle of Selectand-Selector-Systems in
... to avoid ambiguities that may arise from the use of the notations solvent-solute, ligand-substrate, or host-guest [4]. The new terms were coined in analogy to Ashby’s cybernetic operator-operand terminology [5]. This terminology extends to all supramolecular interactions such as antibody-antigen, re ...
... to avoid ambiguities that may arise from the use of the notations solvent-solute, ligand-substrate, or host-guest [4]. The new terms were coined in analogy to Ashby’s cybernetic operator-operand terminology [5]. This terminology extends to all supramolecular interactions such as antibody-antigen, re ...
the thyroid and thyroid hormones
... 5' proximal (closer) to the side chain-bearing ring. Because the activity of compounds such as 3',5-dimethyl-3,5-diiodothyronine had demonstrated that alkyl groups could replace the 3'- and 5'-iodine substituents, model compounds bearing alkyl groups in the 3'-position and alkyl or iodine substituen ...
... 5' proximal (closer) to the side chain-bearing ring. Because the activity of compounds such as 3',5-dimethyl-3,5-diiodothyronine had demonstrated that alkyl groups could replace the 3'- and 5'-iodine substituents, model compounds bearing alkyl groups in the 3'-position and alkyl or iodine substituen ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... involved in this latter type of reaction are described in Sect. 3.1. Other, more complex applications of hydrolases, such as those involving the formation and/or cleavage of phosphate esters, epoxides, nitriles, and organohalides, are described elsewhere in this book. In contrast to the group of pro ...
... involved in this latter type of reaction are described in Sect. 3.1. Other, more complex applications of hydrolases, such as those involving the formation and/or cleavage of phosphate esters, epoxides, nitriles, and organohalides, are described elsewhere in this book. In contrast to the group of pro ...
The Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code
... 1979 demolished the major argument in favor of the frozen accident theory: that the code was universal and immutable. By 1990 a variety of genetic codes had been discovered, all recent (and relatively minor) variants of the ‘standard’ code found in the nuclear genomes of most organisms. This should ...
... 1979 demolished the major argument in favor of the frozen accident theory: that the code was universal and immutable. By 1990 a variety of genetic codes had been discovered, all recent (and relatively minor) variants of the ‘standard’ code found in the nuclear genomes of most organisms. This should ...
Mammalian CSAD and GADL1 have distinct biochemical properties
... In mammalian tissues taurine is mainly synthesized from cysteine in a three step sequential pathway, involving oxidation by cysteine dioxidase (CDO, E.C. 1.13.11.20), decarboxylation by cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD, E.C. 4.1.1.29) and finally oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine. Alternat ...
... In mammalian tissues taurine is mainly synthesized from cysteine in a three step sequential pathway, involving oxidation by cysteine dioxidase (CDO, E.C. 1.13.11.20), decarboxylation by cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD, E.C. 4.1.1.29) and finally oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine. Alternat ...
Solution Report - Delhi Academy of Medical Sciences
... The entrance wound is normally smaller and quite symmetrical in comparison to the exit wound, which can sometimes be ragged with skin, tissue, and muscle and bone damage. Entrance wounds are often ringed with the residue of gunpowder and cordite - the two substances contained within a bullet. ...
... The entrance wound is normally smaller and quite symmetrical in comparison to the exit wound, which can sometimes be ragged with skin, tissue, and muscle and bone damage. Entrance wounds are often ringed with the residue of gunpowder and cordite - the two substances contained within a bullet. ...
B Vitamins and the Brain
... micronutrient-depleted diet. It has been suggested that this divergence between our evolutionary diet and our modern diet underlies the high levels of vitamin deficiencies seen in developed societies and many of the associated “lifestyle diseases” such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and dementia ...
... micronutrient-depleted diet. It has been suggested that this divergence between our evolutionary diet and our modern diet underlies the high levels of vitamin deficiencies seen in developed societies and many of the associated “lifestyle diseases” such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and dementia ...
Biochemical Characterization of 2-Nitropropane Dioxygenase from
... sulfuric acid via a reaction known as the Nef reaction, which involves hydrolysis of the C=N double bond [14; 15]. Also, there are several other methods for converting nitroalkanes to carbonyl compounds, such as reaction of aliphatic nitro compounds with aqueous TiCl3, cethyltrimethylammonium perman ...
... sulfuric acid via a reaction known as the Nef reaction, which involves hydrolysis of the C=N double bond [14; 15]. Also, there are several other methods for converting nitroalkanes to carbonyl compounds, such as reaction of aliphatic nitro compounds with aqueous TiCl3, cethyltrimethylammonium perman ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.