STUDIES ON THE CHLORAMPHENICOL HALOGENASE CmlS
... FAD 8α methyl group was discovered. This is a novel post-translational modification that is likely conserved among a large subset of flavin dependent halogenases and raises interesting questions about the catalytic mechanism of flavin dependent halogenation. Another key enzyme involved in the incorp ...
... FAD 8α methyl group was discovered. This is a novel post-translational modification that is likely conserved among a large subset of flavin dependent halogenases and raises interesting questions about the catalytic mechanism of flavin dependent halogenation. Another key enzyme involved in the incorp ...
Midazolam Oxidation by Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Active
... CYP3A4 (Gorski et al., 1994; Kuehl et al., 2001). The oxidation of MDZ by CYP3A4 has been the focus of many in vitro investigations (Kronbach et al., 1989; Gorski et al., 1994; Ghosal et al., 1996; Maenpaa et al., 1998; Hosea et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2000). These studies have found very different ...
... CYP3A4 (Gorski et al., 1994; Kuehl et al., 2001). The oxidation of MDZ by CYP3A4 has been the focus of many in vitro investigations (Kronbach et al., 1989; Gorski et al., 1994; Ghosal et al., 1996; Maenpaa et al., 1998; Hosea et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2000). These studies have found very different ...
Carnitine-Metabolism and Functions
... histone and a variety of proteins. It is not known whether more than one enzyme is active in protein lysine methylation. Mono-, di-, and trimethylated lysines are all found in different proteins (321), but only the trimethyllysine is converted to carnitine (235). The same derivatives have been isola ...
... histone and a variety of proteins. It is not known whether more than one enzyme is active in protein lysine methylation. Mono-, di-, and trimethylated lysines are all found in different proteins (321), but only the trimethyllysine is converted to carnitine (235). The same derivatives have been isola ...
Regulation of the phosphotransferase system (PTS)
... Glycolysis is the preferential and most effective catabolic pathway of most organisms for the utilisation of carbohydrates. It represents the process of conversion of glucose to pyruvate, in which a high number of basic precursors are made available to other metabolic pathways and the released energ ...
... Glycolysis is the preferential and most effective catabolic pathway of most organisms for the utilisation of carbohydrates. It represents the process of conversion of glucose to pyruvate, in which a high number of basic precursors are made available to other metabolic pathways and the released energ ...
Organic Acid
... The conjugate bases of organic acids such as citrate and lactate are often used in biologically- compatible buffer solutions. Citric and oxalic acids are used as rust removal. As acids, they can dissolve the iron oxides, but without damaging the base metal as do stronger mineral acids. In the dissoc ...
... The conjugate bases of organic acids such as citrate and lactate are often used in biologically- compatible buffer solutions. Citric and oxalic acids are used as rust removal. As acids, they can dissolve the iron oxides, but without damaging the base metal as do stronger mineral acids. In the dissoc ...
Biomimetic Reactions Catalyzed by Cyclodextrins and
... substrate. This very large acceleration seems a better model for the effect of proximity, as in an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrates examined were rather rigid,84 which helps accelerate the reaction by holding the ester group precisely over the β-CD secondary side hydroxyl group. However, for ...
... substrate. This very large acceleration seems a better model for the effect of proximity, as in an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrates examined were rather rigid,84 which helps accelerate the reaction by holding the ester group precisely over the β-CD secondary side hydroxyl group. However, for ...
The Effect of Thalidomide on Oxidation of Midazolam, S
... cyclic polypeptide consisting of 11 amino acids (Figure 6). 21 Cyclosporin A indirectly elicits an immunosuppressive response via an interaction with immunophilin, a cytoplasmic protein. 22 ...
... cyclic polypeptide consisting of 11 amino acids (Figure 6). 21 Cyclosporin A indirectly elicits an immunosuppressive response via an interaction with immunophilin, a cytoplasmic protein. 22 ...
Manganese
... antioxidant enzyme in the mitochondria. Because mitochondria consume over 90% of the oxygen used by cells, they are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. The superoxide radical is one of the reactive oxygen species produced in mitochondria during ATP synthesis. MnSOD catalyzes the conversion of ...
... antioxidant enzyme in the mitochondria. Because mitochondria consume over 90% of the oxygen used by cells, they are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress. The superoxide radical is one of the reactive oxygen species produced in mitochondria during ATP synthesis. MnSOD catalyzes the conversion of ...
Thiamine: an overview
... Present in some species: pyruvate decarboxylase (in yeast) , several additional bacterial enzymes The enzymes transketolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) are all important in carbohydrate metabolism. 21The cytosolic enzyme transketolase is a key player in the ...
... Present in some species: pyruvate decarboxylase (in yeast) , several additional bacterial enzymes The enzymes transketolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) are all important in carbohydrate metabolism. 21The cytosolic enzyme transketolase is a key player in the ...
Facile and green production of aqueous graphene dispersions for
... and S2, and the Experimental section. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07569b ...
... and S2, and the Experimental section. See DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07569b ...
What is Cholesterol?......cont. - Home
... present in the unesterified (free) form, since esterified cholesterol is rapidly hydrolyzed in the intestine by cholesterol esterases which exisit in pancreatic and small intestinal ...
... present in the unesterified (free) form, since esterified cholesterol is rapidly hydrolyzed in the intestine by cholesterol esterases which exisit in pancreatic and small intestinal ...
Influence of nutritional interventions to optimise fat metabolism and
... foremost I would like to start by thanking Professor Asker Jeukendrup for allowing me to complete a PhD within the school. I have learnt a great deal from you Asker. The drive, ambition and passion that you apply to all areas of your research career has inspired my research path and future. I thank ...
... foremost I would like to start by thanking Professor Asker Jeukendrup for allowing me to complete a PhD within the school. I have learnt a great deal from you Asker. The drive, ambition and passion that you apply to all areas of your research career has inspired my research path and future. I thank ...
DEVELOPMENT OF LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION
... fermentation of L-(+)-lactic acid (lactate) was carried out using the electrodeionization (EDI) technique. The effect of initial lactate concentrations on microbial growth was initially investigated. A mathematical simulation of the product inhibition was successfully illustrated. It was found that ...
... fermentation of L-(+)-lactic acid (lactate) was carried out using the electrodeionization (EDI) technique. The effect of initial lactate concentrations on microbial growth was initially investigated. A mathematical simulation of the product inhibition was successfully illustrated. It was found that ...
Metabolic downregulation during diapause in embryos of Artemia
... dehydrogenase. Trehalose is the sole source of fuel in the embryos of A. franciscana, and hence downregulation of trehalose catabolism results in severe limitation of metabolic fuel available to the embryo during diapause. Western blot data demonstrates that pyruvate dehydrogenase becomes phosphoryl ...
... dehydrogenase. Trehalose is the sole source of fuel in the embryos of A. franciscana, and hence downregulation of trehalose catabolism results in severe limitation of metabolic fuel available to the embryo during diapause. Western blot data demonstrates that pyruvate dehydrogenase becomes phosphoryl ...
Auxin: Regulation, Action, and Interaction
... The NAA isomer 2-NAA has little activity in bioassays (Thimann, 1977) and provides a weak acid control for auxin experiments employing the active 1-NAA. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) is a 2,4-D derivative with two additional methylene groups in the side chain (analogous to the structural ...
... The NAA isomer 2-NAA has little activity in bioassays (Thimann, 1977) and provides a weak acid control for auxin experiments employing the active 1-NAA. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) is a 2,4-D derivative with two additional methylene groups in the side chain (analogous to the structural ...
Liining
... For the purpose of investigating what functions that drolyse and, of course, must be easier to cleave than the are critical for the activity of the polypeptide, the basic 60 peptide bonds in the polypeptide. However, the ester bond must be suf?ciently stable to be able to withstand structure of whic ...
... For the purpose of investigating what functions that drolyse and, of course, must be easier to cleave than the are critical for the activity of the polypeptide, the basic 60 peptide bonds in the polypeptide. However, the ester bond must be suf?ciently stable to be able to withstand structure of whic ...
Bettendorff L, Wins P. Biological functions of thiamine
... Introduction Thiamine (vitamin B1) is mainly known for its diphosphorylated derivatives (ThDP), an essential coenzyme in energy metabolism. However non-coenzyme roles have been suggested for this vitamin for many years. Such roles have remained hypothetical, but recent data from various sources have ...
... Introduction Thiamine (vitamin B1) is mainly known for its diphosphorylated derivatives (ThDP), an essential coenzyme in energy metabolism. However non-coenzyme roles have been suggested for this vitamin for many years. Such roles have remained hypothetical, but recent data from various sources have ...
Guide to Nutritional Supplements
... practitioners are likely to confront the decision of whether to recommend (or to allow) a nutritional supplement, based on their own experience and on the best scientific evidence available. This compilation of articles from the acclaimed EHN focuses on nutritional supplements1. These include the tr ...
... practitioners are likely to confront the decision of whether to recommend (or to allow) a nutritional supplement, based on their own experience and on the best scientific evidence available. This compilation of articles from the acclaimed EHN focuses on nutritional supplements1. These include the tr ...
insulin therapy for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
... Diabetes recognized as a distinct medical condition for at least 3500 yrs. Before the discovery of insulin, the only way to control diabetes was a diet low in CHO and high in fat and protein. In 1889, Minkowski removed the pancreas from a healthy dogs → developed the symptoms of diabetes → the ...
... Diabetes recognized as a distinct medical condition for at least 3500 yrs. Before the discovery of insulin, the only way to control diabetes was a diet low in CHO and high in fat and protein. In 1889, Minkowski removed the pancreas from a healthy dogs → developed the symptoms of diabetes → the ...
lactate: what does it really tell us?
... chain/oxidative phosphorylation). Glycolysis, however, can proceed much faster than aerobic energy production which offsets the lower molar energy yield. Glycolysis produces pyruvate and consumes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). By converting pyruvate to lactate the cell disposes of excess ...
... chain/oxidative phosphorylation). Glycolysis, however, can proceed much faster than aerobic energy production which offsets the lower molar energy yield. Glycolysis produces pyruvate and consumes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). By converting pyruvate to lactate the cell disposes of excess ...
Lactic acidosis - Medical School
... pyruvate to acetyl-CoA; that is, there is no way that acetyl-CoA oxidized by the electron-transfer chain. The end result is the can be converted back to pyruvate. The resultant acetyl-CoA effective transport of hydrogen ions, referred to as reducing can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and t ...
... pyruvate to acetyl-CoA; that is, there is no way that acetyl-CoA oxidized by the electron-transfer chain. The end result is the can be converted back to pyruvate. The resultant acetyl-CoA effective transport of hydrogen ions, referred to as reducing can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and t ...
The Protein Cevalently Linked to the 5'... of Poliovirus RNA by Victor Robert Ambros
... E. Release of VPg from polio RNA in other cell extracts..... 88 F. Glycerol gradient sedimentation of Hela unlinking activity.................................................. 91 G. Magnesium requirement for unlinking activity............. 91 H. Heat stability of Hela unlinking activity............. ...
... E. Release of VPg from polio RNA in other cell extracts..... 88 F. Glycerol gradient sedimentation of Hela unlinking activity.................................................. 91 G. Magnesium requirement for unlinking activity............. 91 H. Heat stability of Hela unlinking activity............. ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.