Chapter 2
... structures and are often stored as reserve energy. These molecules contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates usually have twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. The carbon atoms are joined in chains that vary in length with the specific kinds of carbohydrates. 34. Distingui ...
... structures and are often stored as reserve energy. These molecules contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates usually have twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. The carbon atoms are joined in chains that vary in length with the specific kinds of carbohydrates. 34. Distingui ...
cellular-respiration 1
... exergonic. 3. Synthetic reactions (anabolism) build molecules; they tend to be endergonic. A. Catabolism 1. Just as glucose is broken down in cellular respiration, other molecules in the cell undergo catabolism. 2. Fat breaks down into glycerol and three fatty acids. a. Glycerol is converted to G3P, ...
... exergonic. 3. Synthetic reactions (anabolism) build molecules; they tend to be endergonic. A. Catabolism 1. Just as glucose is broken down in cellular respiration, other molecules in the cell undergo catabolism. 2. Fat breaks down into glycerol and three fatty acids. a. Glycerol is converted to G3P, ...
Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas and Entner–Doudoroff pathways in
... [22]). In contrast, the EMP pathway seems to be involved in the phosphorolytic glycogen degradation by glycogen phosphorylase in T. tenax, which has been characterized recently [7]. Further, the energy demand seems to have a strong influence on the selection of the different pathways. Whereas the ne ...
... [22]). In contrast, the EMP pathway seems to be involved in the phosphorolytic glycogen degradation by glycogen phosphorylase in T. tenax, which has been characterized recently [7]. Further, the energy demand seems to have a strong influence on the selection of the different pathways. Whereas the ne ...
Molecular Cell Biology
... The bonds formed by an asymmetric carbon can be arranged in two different mirror images (stereoisomers) of each other Stereoisomers are either right-handed or left-handed and typically have completely different biological activities (such as L-amino acid) Asymmetric carbons are key features of amino ...
... The bonds formed by an asymmetric carbon can be arranged in two different mirror images (stereoisomers) of each other Stereoisomers are either right-handed or left-handed and typically have completely different biological activities (such as L-amino acid) Asymmetric carbons are key features of amino ...
A Ch2 Notes 97-03 - Little Silver Public Schools
... released as heat Carbon dioxide is released by the cell ...
... released as heat Carbon dioxide is released by the cell ...
Lactic Acid System - PhysicalEducationatMSC
... When insufficient oxygen is available to breakdown the pyruvate then lactate is produced Lactate enters the surrounding muscle cells, tissue and blood The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate either breakdown the lactate to fuel (ATP) for immediate use or use it in the creation of glycogen ...
... When insufficient oxygen is available to breakdown the pyruvate then lactate is produced Lactate enters the surrounding muscle cells, tissue and blood The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate either breakdown the lactate to fuel (ATP) for immediate use or use it in the creation of glycogen ...
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
... • Found as a building material in the cell walls of some fungi. • Monomer is an amino sugar, which is similar to beta-glucose with a nitrogen-containing group replacing the hydroxyl on carbon 2. ...
... • Found as a building material in the cell walls of some fungi. • Monomer is an amino sugar, which is similar to beta-glucose with a nitrogen-containing group replacing the hydroxyl on carbon 2. ...
biochem 38 [4-20
... Since arginine is an intermediary in the urea cycle, it also increases urea production by itself 14. What is the most common defect in the urea cycle? How is it inherited? Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency is the most common disorder It is X-linked 15. How are defects in the urea cy ...
... Since arginine is an intermediary in the urea cycle, it also increases urea production by itself 14. What is the most common defect in the urea cycle? How is it inherited? Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency is the most common disorder It is X-linked 15. How are defects in the urea cy ...
Exam 1
... “essential”? What do enzymes do? What does it mean when an enzyme has become denatured? How can enzymes become denatured? How is the function of an enzyme altered once they become denatured? Where do substrates bind to an enzyme? What are enzymes made up of? Key words and terms: carboxyl, hydroxyl, ...
... “essential”? What do enzymes do? What does it mean when an enzyme has become denatured? How can enzymes become denatured? How is the function of an enzyme altered once they become denatured? Where do substrates bind to an enzyme? What are enzymes made up of? Key words and terms: carboxyl, hydroxyl, ...
Nucleic Acids
... • Net Gain 38 ATP • Aerobic respiration is 19 X’s more efficient per glucose molecule ...
... • Net Gain 38 ATP • Aerobic respiration is 19 X’s more efficient per glucose molecule ...
2014MSC(ORGANIC(CHEMISTRY!
... ! The!hydrogen!that!was!attacked!will!bond!to!the!carbon!on!the!right,!due!to!Markovnikov’s! Rule!(the!rich!get!richer).! ! Although,!this!will!cause!the!double!bond!to!disappear!–!the!carbon!on!the!right!now!has!4! bonds!(the!hydrogen!replaced!one!of!its!double!bonds)!but!the!carbon!on!the!left!now ...
... ! The!hydrogen!that!was!attacked!will!bond!to!the!carbon!on!the!right,!due!to!Markovnikov’s! Rule!(the!rich!get!richer).! ! Although,!this!will!cause!the!double!bond!to!disappear!–!the!carbon!on!the!right!now!has!4! bonds!(the!hydrogen!replaced!one!of!its!double!bonds)!but!the!carbon!on!the!left!now ...
1.-ATP-and-phosphorylation
... • The reason for this is because whenever the body needs it, ATP is produced and used up straightaway. • If there is an increase in the demand of ATP (you go running and your muscles need energy) then there will automatically be an increase in the production of ATP. • ATP is always made the same tim ...
... • The reason for this is because whenever the body needs it, ATP is produced and used up straightaway. • If there is an increase in the demand of ATP (you go running and your muscles need energy) then there will automatically be an increase in the production of ATP. • ATP is always made the same tim ...
Kinetic proofreading - Weizmann Institute of Science
... Fluorescently labeled tRNA molecules. Antibiotic inhibitors of tRNA selection. Nonhydrolizable GTP analogues. Enzymatically and chemically altered ribosome complexes GTPase activity stimulation Codon recognition (different rates, k3, for cognate state and non-cognate) GTP hydrolysis Phosphate releas ...
... Fluorescently labeled tRNA molecules. Antibiotic inhibitors of tRNA selection. Nonhydrolizable GTP analogues. Enzymatically and chemically altered ribosome complexes GTPase activity stimulation Codon recognition (different rates, k3, for cognate state and non-cognate) GTP hydrolysis Phosphate releas ...
KEY Biochemistry Macromolecules – POGIL
... 2. Figure 8 depicts a RNA nucleotide. Study the structure and state what makes it different from the DNA nuclotide. HINT: Look at the sugar!!! IN RNA, THE SUGAR HAS ONE EXTRA OXYGEN 3. Both the DNA and RNA nucleotide contain 5 elements; name them. CARBON, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, PHOSPHORUS 4. Fi ...
... 2. Figure 8 depicts a RNA nucleotide. Study the structure and state what makes it different from the DNA nuclotide. HINT: Look at the sugar!!! IN RNA, THE SUGAR HAS ONE EXTRA OXYGEN 3. Both the DNA and RNA nucleotide contain 5 elements; name them. CARBON, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, PHOSPHORUS 4. Fi ...
slides
... important for the general shape of the protein, essential scaffold that gives the surface its contours and chemical properties. • These areas are often the secondary structures and domains of the protein, that give it its 3dimensional shape – beta-sheets and alpha-helices. • Therefore, mistakes in t ...
... important for the general shape of the protein, essential scaffold that gives the surface its contours and chemical properties. • These areas are often the secondary structures and domains of the protein, that give it its 3dimensional shape – beta-sheets and alpha-helices. • Therefore, mistakes in t ...
Lecture 5-Bioinorganic Chemistry
... The Fe2+ in deoxyhemoglobin is too large to fit in the ring and is situated (0.7-0.8)Ao above the ring Thus, presence of O2 changes the electronic arrangement of Fe2+ and distorts the shape of the complex The globular protein prevents the irreversible oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) ...
... The Fe2+ in deoxyhemoglobin is too large to fit in the ring and is situated (0.7-0.8)Ao above the ring Thus, presence of O2 changes the electronic arrangement of Fe2+ and distorts the shape of the complex The globular protein prevents the irreversible oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) ...
Option B IB Chemistry Definitions HL
... proteins and enzymes, incl. cytochromes. The H+ ions from the NADH2 (product from the citric acid cycle) move along cytochromes by repeated redox reactions, due to presence of stronger oxidizing agents. Enzyme cytochrome oxidase causes H+ ions, e- and O2 to react to form water, releasing energy in t ...
... proteins and enzymes, incl. cytochromes. The H+ ions from the NADH2 (product from the citric acid cycle) move along cytochromes by repeated redox reactions, due to presence of stronger oxidizing agents. Enzyme cytochrome oxidase causes H+ ions, e- and O2 to react to form water, releasing energy in t ...
III. - Sugars and Polysaccharides
... The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides. They differ in their number of carbon atoms and in the arrangement of the H and O atoms attached to the carbons. Many of these compounds are synthesized from simpler substances in a process named gluconeogenesis. Others are the products of pho ...
... The basic carbohydrate units are called monosaccharides. They differ in their number of carbon atoms and in the arrangement of the H and O atoms attached to the carbons. Many of these compounds are synthesized from simpler substances in a process named gluconeogenesis. Others are the products of pho ...
1, 2, 5, 6, 7 Time: 08:00
... 5. Plan and carry out investigations to Sum up polarity and pH of water by applying M properties of water. concepts questions and concept map explain how the unique properties of O Differentiate between water (e.g., polarity, cohesion, Review concepts from 2.2 section N solutions and adhesion) are v ...
... 5. Plan and carry out investigations to Sum up polarity and pH of water by applying M properties of water. concepts questions and concept map explain how the unique properties of O Differentiate between water (e.g., polarity, cohesion, Review concepts from 2.2 section N solutions and adhesion) are v ...
Lect1.AAs.Peptides.pH.pK
... How do different macromolecules generate the structure of cells? How do proteins fold to acquire functionality? How do enzymes catalyze reactions? How is energy harvested and stored in the cell? How do pumps and channels store energy and control the chemical composition of cellular compartments? Int ...
... How do different macromolecules generate the structure of cells? How do proteins fold to acquire functionality? How do enzymes catalyze reactions? How is energy harvested and stored in the cell? How do pumps and channels store energy and control the chemical composition of cellular compartments? Int ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate → → → 2 Lactate (sent to
... This reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP which results in an energetically favorable reaction (large, negative ΔG= irreversible rxn). This reaction is not unique to glycolysis. In fact, all glucose is phosphorylated once it enters the cell, no matter what its ultimate fate is (glycolysis, g ...
... This reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP which results in an energetically favorable reaction (large, negative ΔG= irreversible rxn). This reaction is not unique to glycolysis. In fact, all glucose is phosphorylated once it enters the cell, no matter what its ultimate fate is (glycolysis, g ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.