The Point is to Make ATP!
... Overview of cellular respiration Aerobic respiration As pyruvate moves into the mitochondria, multiple steps occur Link Reaction (prepares pyruvate to move through ...
... Overview of cellular respiration Aerobic respiration As pyruvate moves into the mitochondria, multiple steps occur Link Reaction (prepares pyruvate to move through ...
Biology project Lz
... The word organic is historical, dating to the 1st century. For many centuries, Western alchemists believed in vitalism. This is the theory that certain compounds could be synthesized only from their classical elements—earth, water, air, and fire—by the action of a "life-force" (vis vitalis) that onl ...
... The word organic is historical, dating to the 1st century. For many centuries, Western alchemists believed in vitalism. This is the theory that certain compounds could be synthesized only from their classical elements—earth, water, air, and fire—by the action of a "life-force" (vis vitalis) that onl ...
Unit_1_the_living_world part C
... because it is an essential part of biological molecules such as proteins, and nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) The atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, N2, a two-atom molecule However atmospheric nitrogen, N2, is unstable and needs to be “fixed” in order for it to be “used” by organisms ...
... because it is an essential part of biological molecules such as proteins, and nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) The atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, N2, a two-atom molecule However atmospheric nitrogen, N2, is unstable and needs to be “fixed” in order for it to be “used” by organisms ...
Chapter 1--Title
... The ions are drawn into a mass analyzer and detected according to mass-tocharge (m/z) ratio Quadrupole and time of flight (TOF) mass analyzers are common methods for detecting and separating ions The family of detected ions is displayed as a series according to m/z ratio Computer deconvolution of th ...
... The ions are drawn into a mass analyzer and detected according to mass-tocharge (m/z) ratio Quadrupole and time of flight (TOF) mass analyzers are common methods for detecting and separating ions The family of detected ions is displayed as a series according to m/z ratio Computer deconvolution of th ...
Name
... KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermenta ...
... KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermenta ...
The Cell, 5e
... Pentose phosphate pathway: • Bypass of part of glycolysis • Generates NADPH (reducing power) ...
... Pentose phosphate pathway: • Bypass of part of glycolysis • Generates NADPH (reducing power) ...
Lec 1-10 Problem Set Answers
... 10) Now show the structures that occur during fatty acid oxidation. You only need show up to the beta carbon, since the other just sit there watching in horror… ...
... 10) Now show the structures that occur during fatty acid oxidation. You only need show up to the beta carbon, since the other just sit there watching in horror… ...
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
... The replenishment of OAA in the TCA cycle under these conditions is by the carboxylation of pyruvate with CO2 in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. This is an energy-requiring reaction which is driven by ATP hydrolysis. Pyruvate carboxylase is located in the mitochondrial matri ...
... The replenishment of OAA in the TCA cycle under these conditions is by the carboxylation of pyruvate with CO2 in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. This is an energy-requiring reaction which is driven by ATP hydrolysis. Pyruvate carboxylase is located in the mitochondrial matri ...
Cellular Metabolism - Napa Valley College
... The molecules of NADH and FADH2 produced by earlier phases of cellular respiration pass their electrons to a series of protein molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. ...
... The molecules of NADH and FADH2 produced by earlier phases of cellular respiration pass their electrons to a series of protein molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. ...
ALACTATE TRAINING: Does it Really Exist?
... • ATP stored in small amounts until needed • Breakdown of ATP to release energy – ATP + water + ATPase ADP + Pi + energy – ADP: lower‐energy compound, less useful ...
... • ATP stored in small amounts until needed • Breakdown of ATP to release energy – ATP + water + ATPase ADP + Pi + energy – ADP: lower‐energy compound, less useful ...
32. Nutrient assimilation.pptx
... Many transporters of ions and other small molecules display considerable sequence and structural homology throughout the 3 domains -> deep evolutionary roots near the origin of life Some workers argue for very few ancestral transport genes a few ion and organic-molecule transporters that diversified ...
... Many transporters of ions and other small molecules display considerable sequence and structural homology throughout the 3 domains -> deep evolutionary roots near the origin of life Some workers argue for very few ancestral transport genes a few ion and organic-molecule transporters that diversified ...
Table S1
... Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel Magnesium ion transporter DNA repair protein, transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter ...
... Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel Magnesium ion transporter DNA repair protein, transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter ...
1. PROTEIN MODIFICATION 1.1 What are posttranslational
... chemical structures of the starting materials glucose-1-phosphate and UTP and the products UDPglucose and pyrophosphate. What is the driving force for the biosynthesis of the activated sugar? Hint: ...
... chemical structures of the starting materials glucose-1-phosphate and UTP and the products UDPglucose and pyrophosphate. What is the driving force for the biosynthesis of the activated sugar? Hint: ...
Standardized Test Preparation (Practice)
... Short Response, continued Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH. Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed. Answer: The heat that is added to the egg changes the bonds in the proteins and other molecules that make up the egg to such a large extent t ...
... Short Response, continued Proteins are affected by environmental conditions such as heat and pH. Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be reversed. Answer: The heat that is added to the egg changes the bonds in the proteins and other molecules that make up the egg to such a large extent t ...
One Up
... • ATP stored in small amounts until needed • Breakdown of ATP to release energy – ATP + water + ATPase ADP + Pi + energy – ADP: lower‐energy compound, less useful ...
... • ATP stored in small amounts until needed • Breakdown of ATP to release energy – ATP + water + ATPase ADP + Pi + energy – ADP: lower‐energy compound, less useful ...
Drug Metabolism
... • Products are generally more water soluble • These reactions products are ready for (renal) excretion • There are many complementary, sequential and competing ...
... • Products are generally more water soluble • These reactions products are ready for (renal) excretion • There are many complementary, sequential and competing ...
GLYCOLYSIS Generation of ATP from Metabolic Fuels
... b. Increase [ATP] inhibits pyruvate kinase and slows pyruvate formation o Red blood cells depend on a constant energy supply to maintain structural integrity o Remember that they don’t have nuclei or mitochondria o Therefore, glycolysis is the primary source of ATP for red blood cells o If energy ne ...
... b. Increase [ATP] inhibits pyruvate kinase and slows pyruvate formation o Red blood cells depend on a constant energy supply to maintain structural integrity o Remember that they don’t have nuclei or mitochondria o Therefore, glycolysis is the primary source of ATP for red blood cells o If energy ne ...
Chapter 4
... increase if each one had multiple shapes • Proteins usually have only one useful conformation because otherwise it would not be efficient use of the energy available to the system • Natural selection has eliminated proteins that do not perform a specific function in the cell ...
... increase if each one had multiple shapes • Proteins usually have only one useful conformation because otherwise it would not be efficient use of the energy available to the system • Natural selection has eliminated proteins that do not perform a specific function in the cell ...
Part I: Anatomical Homologies, continued
... Cytochrome c (Cyt c), which is found in the mitochondria of plants, animals, and even several unicellular organisms like yeast. Remember that mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all eukaryotes that generate energy for the cell to use in the form of ATP. Cytochrome c is an important pro ...
... Cytochrome c (Cyt c), which is found in the mitochondria of plants, animals, and even several unicellular organisms like yeast. Remember that mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all eukaryotes that generate energy for the cell to use in the form of ATP. Cytochrome c is an important pro ...
Nat 5 Cell Biology Success Criteria
... 4. I can state that enzymes speed up the rate of all biochemical reactions, and remain unchanged by the reaction. 5. I know that the shape of the active site in an enzyme is complementary to 1 specific ...
... 4. I can state that enzymes speed up the rate of all biochemical reactions, and remain unchanged by the reaction. 5. I know that the shape of the active site in an enzyme is complementary to 1 specific ...
Keratin
... • Type I (40-55 kDa) are acidic. (k9-k20) • Type II (56-70 kDa) are neutral or basic. (k1-k8) • Many of the subclasses contain allelic versions (there are 6 forms of k6 (human)). • Two type I and two type II molecules form a heterotetramer. The arrangement of this molecule is a left-handed coil. ...
... • Type I (40-55 kDa) are acidic. (k9-k20) • Type II (56-70 kDa) are neutral or basic. (k1-k8) • Many of the subclasses contain allelic versions (there are 6 forms of k6 (human)). • Two type I and two type II molecules form a heterotetramer. The arrangement of this molecule is a left-handed coil. ...
2. Large-scale Metabolic Reconstruction
... exchange equations are added to the GSM on the basis that these transporters are necessary components of normal metabolic functions. For example, the uptake of macro nutrients (e.g., amino acids, glucose), the secretion of by-products (e.g., alanine, lactate, ammonia) and the exchange of free compou ...
... exchange equations are added to the GSM on the basis that these transporters are necessary components of normal metabolic functions. For example, the uptake of macro nutrients (e.g., amino acids, glucose), the secretion of by-products (e.g., alanine, lactate, ammonia) and the exchange of free compou ...
E. Nucleotide sequences that define an intron. Mutations in
... 5. Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to detect and specific DNA (Southern blotting) or RNA (Northern blotting) molecules. Hybridization is the principal behind the use of microarrays to determine changes in gene expression in human disease. 6. DNA fragments can be sequenced, which makes it poss ...
... 5. Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to detect and specific DNA (Southern blotting) or RNA (Northern blotting) molecules. Hybridization is the principal behind the use of microarrays to determine changes in gene expression in human disease. 6. DNA fragments can be sequenced, which makes it poss ...
Metabolism of Leukotrienes: The Linear Biosynthetic Pathway
... branches of this pathway. The heavy arrows indicate unidirectional steps by which LTB4 and LTC4 are exported from cells. FLAP denotes the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. (From Lewis et al. (2).) Following AA mobilization the next step in LT biosynthesis, indeed the determining step, involves the ...
... branches of this pathway. The heavy arrows indicate unidirectional steps by which LTB4 and LTC4 are exported from cells. FLAP denotes the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. (From Lewis et al. (2).) Following AA mobilization the next step in LT biosynthesis, indeed the determining step, involves the ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.