Studies on polar cell wall growth and antibiotic susceptibility of
... Corynebacterium glutamicum is a Gram positive soil bacterium with high industrial importance in ton scale production of amino acids. Apart from that, it becomes more and more important for medical studies, where it serves as model organism due to its close relation to bacteria causing several pathog ...
... Corynebacterium glutamicum is a Gram positive soil bacterium with high industrial importance in ton scale production of amino acids. Apart from that, it becomes more and more important for medical studies, where it serves as model organism due to its close relation to bacteria causing several pathog ...
The Ultrastructure of Megakaryocytes and Blood
... row region of cytoplasm immediately surrounding the nucleus which was quite dif- were small, ranging from 0.15 to 0.3 in ferent from the rest of the cytoplasm. In their narrow diameter. The interior was it were a few mitochondria, the Golgi ap- dense and contained only one or a few paratus, and freq ...
... row region of cytoplasm immediately surrounding the nucleus which was quite dif- were small, ranging from 0.15 to 0.3 in ferent from the rest of the cytoplasm. In their narrow diameter. The interior was it were a few mitochondria, the Golgi ap- dense and contained only one or a few paratus, and freq ...
Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes
... human diseases generated by the defects in these pathways [3]. 2.3. Regulation of sphingolipid synthesis Although SLs are essential players in cell homeostasis the regulatory mechanisms controlling this pathway have only recently begun to emerge. The initial advances in the network of enzymatic cont ...
... human diseases generated by the defects in these pathways [3]. 2.3. Regulation of sphingolipid synthesis Although SLs are essential players in cell homeostasis the regulatory mechanisms controlling this pathway have only recently begun to emerge. The initial advances in the network of enzymatic cont ...
Molecular mechanisms of Salmonella invasion
... a low oxygen environment, like that of the intracellular compartment of the host cell. In addition, OrgA has a strong homology with MxiK [3], a protein of Shigella involved in the secretion of the Ipa proteins. InvE has been shown to play a role in the entry and secretion process of Salmonella [35]. ...
... a low oxygen environment, like that of the intracellular compartment of the host cell. In addition, OrgA has a strong homology with MxiK [3], a protein of Shigella involved in the secretion of the Ipa proteins. InvE has been shown to play a role in the entry and secretion process of Salmonella [35]. ...
Slide 1
... produce the complex C3b,B. Factor D (an activated enzyme in plasma) cleaves factor B to produce C3b,Bb. Properdin (P) stabilizes this C3b,Bb complex to retard its decay. C3b,Bb and C3b,Bb,P are the alternative pathway C3 convertases, the enzymes that cleave C3 into C3a and C3b. Bb contains the enzym ...
... produce the complex C3b,B. Factor D (an activated enzyme in plasma) cleaves factor B to produce C3b,Bb. Properdin (P) stabilizes this C3b,Bb complex to retard its decay. C3b,Bb and C3b,Bb,P are the alternative pathway C3 convertases, the enzymes that cleave C3 into C3a and C3b. Bb contains the enzym ...
cytoplasm nucleus and the A specific subset of
... and U are confined to the nucleus (Piñol-Roma and Dreyfuss 1992, 1993; Michael et al. 1995a). Recently, a nuclear retention signal in hnRNP C1 was identified (Nakielny and Dreyfuss 1996). hnRNP A1 is exported out of the nucleus, probably bound to mRNA, remains associated with poly(A)+ RNA in the cy ...
... and U are confined to the nucleus (Piñol-Roma and Dreyfuss 1992, 1993; Michael et al. 1995a). Recently, a nuclear retention signal in hnRNP C1 was identified (Nakielny and Dreyfuss 1996). hnRNP A1 is exported out of the nucleus, probably bound to mRNA, remains associated with poly(A)+ RNA in the cy ...
NuMA assembles into an extensive filamentous structure when
... (Compton et al., 1992). Indeed, we have recently proposed that the localization of NuMA in the nucleus establishes an inherent asymmetry to its distribution which is necessary for its role in directing the microtubules of the developing mitotic spindle toward the chromosomes during assembly of the m ...
... (Compton et al., 1992). Indeed, we have recently proposed that the localization of NuMA in the nucleus establishes an inherent asymmetry to its distribution which is necessary for its role in directing the microtubules of the developing mitotic spindle toward the chromosomes during assembly of the m ...
The TACC proteins: TACC-ling microtubule dynamics and
... spindle poles (Figure 2a) [12]. Consistently, Maskin localizes to the centre of taxol-induced asters in Xenopus egg extracts [42]. On the other hand, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled D-TACC proteins were visualized in living Drosophila embryos as dots moving towards and away from the centroso ...
... spindle poles (Figure 2a) [12]. Consistently, Maskin localizes to the centre of taxol-induced asters in Xenopus egg extracts [42]. On the other hand, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled D-TACC proteins were visualized in living Drosophila embryos as dots moving towards and away from the centroso ...
A Model for Cell Proliferation in a Developing Organism
... To see this, generate a Yule process starting j using an ensemble of independent rate-λ (j) Poisson processes {Ni (t), i = 1, 2, . . . } (one for each site i), and superimpose these processes (s − r of them). If the {N (j) }, j = r + 1, . . . s, are independent ensembles of Poisson processes, we get ...
... To see this, generate a Yule process starting j using an ensemble of independent rate-λ (j) Poisson processes {Ni (t), i = 1, 2, . . . } (one for each site i), and superimpose these processes (s − r of them). If the {N (j) }, j = r + 1, . . . s, are independent ensembles of Poisson processes, we get ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Mitochondria in neutrophil
... their apoptosis. Most prominent amongst these proteins in neutrophils are Mcl-1 and Bfl-1. The main function of Mcl-1 in neutrophils seems to be inhibition of Bax translocation 5, but this thesis has demonstrated that the role of Bfl-1 in the apoptotic process is far from obvious. The function of Ba ...
... their apoptosis. Most prominent amongst these proteins in neutrophils are Mcl-1 and Bfl-1. The main function of Mcl-1 in neutrophils seems to be inhibition of Bax translocation 5, but this thesis has demonstrated that the role of Bfl-1 in the apoptotic process is far from obvious. The function of Ba ...
Recovery of the resurrection plant Craterostigma wilmsii from
... at the cell periphery. (B) Mesophyll cell from slowly dried C. wilmsii at drying stage 3 (40±25% RWC). Note the folding of the cell wall (w) and the numerous small vacuoles (v). Chloroplast (c). (C) Damaged mesophyll cell from rapidly dried C. wilmsii at drying stage 3 (40±25% RWC). The membrane has ...
... at the cell periphery. (B) Mesophyll cell from slowly dried C. wilmsii at drying stage 3 (40±25% RWC). Note the folding of the cell wall (w) and the numerous small vacuoles (v). Chloroplast (c). (C) Damaged mesophyll cell from rapidly dried C. wilmsii at drying stage 3 (40±25% RWC). The membrane has ...
Cis-elements of protein transport to the plant vacuoles
... different levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI ) 3-kinase activity may explain this difference. In BY-2 cells at log phase, PI 3-kinase activity was very high and the synthesis of PI 3-phosphate was not inhibited completely with relatively high concentrations of wortmannin (Matsuoka et al., 1995). By ...
... different levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI ) 3-kinase activity may explain this difference. In BY-2 cells at log phase, PI 3-kinase activity was very high and the synthesis of PI 3-phosphate was not inhibited completely with relatively high concentrations of wortmannin (Matsuoka et al., 1995). By ...
The Drosophila F-box protein Fbxl7 binds to the protocadherin Fat
... Together these results indicate that loss of Fbxl7 leads to increased growth via the Hippo pathway. When we overexpressed Fbxl7 in the wing imaginal disc, the adult wings were smaller and had a reduced distance between the cross veins (Figure 1I–L, Figure 1—figure supplement 2A–B). Over expressing ...
... Together these results indicate that loss of Fbxl7 leads to increased growth via the Hippo pathway. When we overexpressed Fbxl7 in the wing imaginal disc, the adult wings were smaller and had a reduced distance between the cross veins (Figure 1I–L, Figure 1—figure supplement 2A–B). Over expressing ...
The anammoxosome: an intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox
... gradient across a membrane for sufficient ATP synthesis. Because anammox catabolism is slow, only few protons are translocated per unit of time, whereas the dissipation of the resulting electrochemical gradient by passive diffusion is independent of growth rate and proceeds at normal speed. Therefore, ...
... gradient across a membrane for sufficient ATP synthesis. Because anammox catabolism is slow, only few protons are translocated per unit of time, whereas the dissipation of the resulting electrochemical gradient by passive diffusion is independent of growth rate and proceeds at normal speed. Therefore, ...
Cell cycle control of septin ring dynamics in the
... the selection of cell polarity by interaction with the axial pole markers Bud3, Bud4 and Bud10\Axl2 (Chant et al., 1995 ; Sanders & Herskowitz, 1996 ; Halme et al., 1996 ; Roemer et al., 1996) ; (b) chitin deposition at the bud neck via interaction with Bni4 and Chs4 (De Marini et al., 1997) ; (c) a ...
... the selection of cell polarity by interaction with the axial pole markers Bud3, Bud4 and Bud10\Axl2 (Chant et al., 1995 ; Sanders & Herskowitz, 1996 ; Halme et al., 1996 ; Roemer et al., 1996) ; (b) chitin deposition at the bud neck via interaction with Bni4 and Chs4 (De Marini et al., 1997) ; (c) a ...
Protein dynamics and proteolysis in plant vacuoles
... Plant cells cannot live without their vacuoles. The tissues and organs of a plant contain a wide variety of differentiated and specialized vacuoles—even a single plant cell can possess two or more types of vacuoles. Vacuolar proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized in the cytoplasm. The ...
... Plant cells cannot live without their vacuoles. The tissues and organs of a plant contain a wide variety of differentiated and specialized vacuoles—even a single plant cell can possess two or more types of vacuoles. Vacuolar proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized in the cytoplasm. The ...
Arabidopsis RHD3 mediates the generation of the tubular ER
... either fission or fusion of ER tubules (Hu et al., 2009). In humans there are three atlastin isoforms (Rismanchi et al., 2008). Mutations in atlastin-1 frequently cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a disease primarily affecting the development of the long axons of corticospinal neurons (Rism ...
... either fission or fusion of ER tubules (Hu et al., 2009). In humans there are three atlastin isoforms (Rismanchi et al., 2008). Mutations in atlastin-1 frequently cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a disease primarily affecting the development of the long axons of corticospinal neurons (Rism ...
Surface CD81 Via Microparticles Release and Intercellular Transfer
... was also observed in the CD4-positive Jurkat T cell line. We chose Jurkat T cells because of their known responsiveness to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs and CD81 surface levels in the same range as primary cells (Fig. 1A). The reduction of surface CD81 occurred as early as 1 h after activation and pro ...
... was also observed in the CD4-positive Jurkat T cell line. We chose Jurkat T cells because of their known responsiveness to anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs and CD81 surface levels in the same range as primary cells (Fig. 1A). The reduction of surface CD81 occurred as early as 1 h after activation and pro ...
the Cytoskeleton in Plant Development1
... situated in the periphery of the cell. (A') Transvacuolar actin bundles typical for elongating interphase cells. (B) Cell preparing for mitosis seen from above and from the side. The nucleus has moved towards the cell centre and is tethered by radial microtubules emanating from the nuclear envelope. ...
... situated in the periphery of the cell. (A') Transvacuolar actin bundles typical for elongating interphase cells. (B) Cell preparing for mitosis seen from above and from the side. The nucleus has moved towards the cell centre and is tethered by radial microtubules emanating from the nuclear envelope. ...
Protists - Needham.K12.ma.us
... Protozoans with cilia are called ciliates. Cilia: Hair like projections from a cell that move with a wavelike motion. Just like pseudopods, ciliates use cilia to move and obtain food. Ciliates have complex cells. Many have more than one contractile vacuole and some (like paramecium), have 2 nuclei. ...
... Protozoans with cilia are called ciliates. Cilia: Hair like projections from a cell that move with a wavelike motion. Just like pseudopods, ciliates use cilia to move and obtain food. Ciliates have complex cells. Many have more than one contractile vacuole and some (like paramecium), have 2 nuclei. ...
Cell cycle–dependent phosphorylation of Sec4p controls membrane
... Considering that Sec4p is directly responsible for cellular growth by delivering membrane to the site of polarized exocytosis on the plasma membrane, we reasoned that phosphorylation may be sensitive to signaling pathways activated or inhibited under different nutrient availability conditions. To te ...
... Considering that Sec4p is directly responsible for cellular growth by delivering membrane to the site of polarized exocytosis on the plasma membrane, we reasoned that phosphorylation may be sensitive to signaling pathways activated or inhibited under different nutrient availability conditions. To te ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.