development through auxin-induced cytokinin oxidase activity
... leaf primordia at a later developmental stage, DR5⬋GUS seedlings were grown for 6 d in high R/FR, and then maintained in high R/FR or transferred to low R/FR for 4 h. At this stage, the initiation of the leaf lamina and the differentiation of the midvein occurred; DR5⬋GUS expression diminished in th ...
... leaf primordia at a later developmental stage, DR5⬋GUS seedlings were grown for 6 d in high R/FR, and then maintained in high R/FR or transferred to low R/FR for 4 h. At this stage, the initiation of the leaf lamina and the differentiation of the midvein occurred; DR5⬋GUS expression diminished in th ...
Head-tail patterning of the vertebrate embryo: one, two or many
... Textbooks and even some primary papers make the assumption that, as in the fly, vertebrate embryos specify their head-tail axis very early in development, even before gastrulation. Thus, diagrams depicting the organization of the early (blastula- or early gastrula-stage) embryo may include indicatio ...
... Textbooks and even some primary papers make the assumption that, as in the fly, vertebrate embryos specify their head-tail axis very early in development, even before gastrulation. Thus, diagrams depicting the organization of the early (blastula- or early gastrula-stage) embryo may include indicatio ...
Strategies utilized by trophically diverse fungal
... Physiological changes in host plants in response to the broad spectrum of fungal modes of infection are still not well understood. The current study was conducted to better understand the infection of in vitro cultures of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings by three trophically diverse fungal species, Fus ...
... Physiological changes in host plants in response to the broad spectrum of fungal modes of infection are still not well understood. The current study was conducted to better understand the infection of in vitro cultures of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings by three trophically diverse fungal species, Fus ...
AtSpc98p and plant microtubule nucleation
... The molecular mechanisms responsible for microtubule (MT) nucleation have not yet been identified in higher plants. Unlike other eukaryotic cells, no centrosome-like organelles are present to nucleate MT assembly. In animal cells, the centrosome functions as a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), a ...
... The molecular mechanisms responsible for microtubule (MT) nucleation have not yet been identified in higher plants. Unlike other eukaryotic cells, no centrosome-like organelles are present to nucleate MT assembly. In animal cells, the centrosome functions as a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), a ...
Identification of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
... 4P2) and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns3,4,5P3; reviewed by Katso et al., 2001; Rameh and Cantley, 1999). Downstream targets containing specialized domains, such as pleckstrin-homology (PH) domains, that specifically bind to these lipid products of PI3K are then activated. These ac ...
... 4P2) and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns3,4,5P3; reviewed by Katso et al., 2001; Rameh and Cantley, 1999). Downstream targets containing specialized domains, such as pleckstrin-homology (PH) domains, that specifically bind to these lipid products of PI3K are then activated. These ac ...
Asymmetric cell division and axis formation in the embryo
... More recently, live imaging studies have led to a richer description of these relationships and of the dynamics of PAR protein distribution during AP polarity establishment. Imaging of GFP-PAR-6 indicates that whereas the anterior PAR complex (PAR-3/PAR-6/PKC-3) is present throughout the cortex shor ...
... More recently, live imaging studies have led to a richer description of these relationships and of the dynamics of PAR protein distribution during AP polarity establishment. Imaging of GFP-PAR-6 indicates that whereas the anterior PAR complex (PAR-3/PAR-6/PKC-3) is present throughout the cortex shor ...
Histology-Based Screen for Zebrafish Mutants with Abnormal Cell
... Fig. 5. Histologic mutations affecting the intestine. Low-power (upper row) and high-power (lower row) photographs of wild-type (A,B), kby (C,D), and sfy (E,F). Intestinal epithelial cells are ballooned in kby (C) and lack brush border (D); the lumen is indicated by asterisks. Mucus accumulates in s ...
... Fig. 5. Histologic mutations affecting the intestine. Low-power (upper row) and high-power (lower row) photographs of wild-type (A,B), kby (C,D), and sfy (E,F). Intestinal epithelial cells are ballooned in kby (C) and lack brush border (D); the lumen is indicated by asterisks. Mucus accumulates in s ...
Proteolysis and orientation in Dictyostelium slugs
... the substrate surface is unlikely to affect the pH within the cells as Kay et al. (1986) have shown. One possibility is that there are proteases in the slime sheath among the many different proteins Smith & Williams (1979) found there, and lowering the pH at the contact surface might be more favoura ...
... the substrate surface is unlikely to affect the pH within the cells as Kay et al. (1986) have shown. One possibility is that there are proteases in the slime sheath among the many different proteins Smith & Williams (1979) found there, and lowering the pH at the contact surface might be more favoura ...
Characterization of chloroplasts in pavement cells of Arabidopsis
... between PCC and the vacuolar membranes, we were perplexed by the presence of many areas that looked very similar in size to the PCC but did not show the typical chloroplast fluorescence (Fig. 2I). We found the observations with the vacuole probe reminiscent of earlier observations on chloroplasts ma ...
... between PCC and the vacuolar membranes, we were perplexed by the presence of many areas that looked very similar in size to the PCC but did not show the typical chloroplast fluorescence (Fig. 2I). We found the observations with the vacuole probe reminiscent of earlier observations on chloroplasts ma ...
FoxF is essential for FGF-induced migration of heart
... the heart precursor cells in ascidian embryos. During subsequent stages of embryogenesis, they migrate into the trunk and fuse at the ventral midline in a fashion reminiscent of vertebrate heart precursor cells (Davidson and Levine, 2003). Previous studies illuminated some aspects of the genetic reg ...
... the heart precursor cells in ascidian embryos. During subsequent stages of embryogenesis, they migrate into the trunk and fuse at the ventral midline in a fashion reminiscent of vertebrate heart precursor cells (Davidson and Levine, 2003). Previous studies illuminated some aspects of the genetic reg ...
The lysosomal signaling anchor p18/LAMTOR1 controls epidermal
... complex, which serves as a MEK1-specific scaffold (Teis et al., 2002). Ablation of the p14–MP1 complex results in aberrant subcellular distribution and trafficking of late endosomes (Bohn et al., 2007; Teis et al., 2006), suggesting that the p14–MP1mediated pathway is involved in the regulation of e ...
... complex, which serves as a MEK1-specific scaffold (Teis et al., 2002). Ablation of the p14–MP1 complex results in aberrant subcellular distribution and trafficking of late endosomes (Bohn et al., 2007; Teis et al., 2006), suggesting that the p14–MP1mediated pathway is involved in the regulation of e ...
Plant responses to environmental stress
... functions by modulating target protein activities, these targets would likely be distinct from those of CaM. It is possible that TCH3 has other, presumably Ca2+-dependent, functions. For example, it may bind Ca2+ so as to sequester or transport the ion; these activities have been attributed to other ...
... functions by modulating target protein activities, these targets would likely be distinct from those of CaM. It is possible that TCH3 has other, presumably Ca2+-dependent, functions. For example, it may bind Ca2+ so as to sequester or transport the ion; these activities have been attributed to other ...
Chapter 1 - Utrecht University Repository
... receptor (Sheff et al., 1999). In immunoisolation experiments the recycling endosome was isolated. This compartment contains molecules involved in the regulation of transferrin recycling, as rab4, rab11 and cellubrevin and is less acidic than early endosomes because it lacks a functional vacuolar AT ...
... receptor (Sheff et al., 1999). In immunoisolation experiments the recycling endosome was isolated. This compartment contains molecules involved in the regulation of transferrin recycling, as rab4, rab11 and cellubrevin and is less acidic than early endosomes because it lacks a functional vacuolar AT ...
Treadmilling by FtsZ filaments drives peptidoglycan
... shown above, the directional movements of FtsAZ/Pbp2B around the division plane suggest that FtsAZ circumferential motions could be coupled to the insertion of new PG. Next, we investigated the mechanism driving FtsAZ/Pbp2B motion. The coupled, circumferential motions of FtsAZ/Pbp2B appear similar t ...
... shown above, the directional movements of FtsAZ/Pbp2B around the division plane suggest that FtsAZ circumferential motions could be coupled to the insertion of new PG. Next, we investigated the mechanism driving FtsAZ/Pbp2B motion. The coupled, circumferential motions of FtsAZ/Pbp2B appear similar t ...
Effect of n-butanol and cold pretreatment on the cytoskeleton and
... Degradation and recycling of these cytoplasmic components through two different pathways: the ubiquitin-26S proteosome system and autophagy (Alché et al. 2000; Maraschin et al. 2005b). In the next step, the nucleus moves from the periphery to the center of the microspore. Simultaneously, the vacuol ...
... Degradation and recycling of these cytoplasmic components through two different pathways: the ubiquitin-26S proteosome system and autophagy (Alché et al. 2000; Maraschin et al. 2005b). In the next step, the nucleus moves from the periphery to the center of the microspore. Simultaneously, the vacuol ...
Ectodermal progenitors derived from epiblast
... potency for neural or epidermal fate (Supplementary Figure S2B). In addition, an epiblast stem cell line generated from early mouse embryo could also generate the intermediate ectodermal progenitor after SB43 treatment (data not shown). Thus, an ectodermal progenitor population, named ectoderm-like ...
... potency for neural or epidermal fate (Supplementary Figure S2B). In addition, an epiblast stem cell line generated from early mouse embryo could also generate the intermediate ectodermal progenitor after SB43 treatment (data not shown). Thus, an ectodermal progenitor population, named ectoderm-like ...
Human skin cells support thymus- independent T cell development
... fibroblasts robustly supported the development of cells that ultimately expressed T lymphocyte cell surface markers, including the CD3/T cell receptor complex. Optimal T cell production was observed when matrices contained at least 40–50% keratinocytes, as described above. From 1 × 104 precursor cel ...
... fibroblasts robustly supported the development of cells that ultimately expressed T lymphocyte cell surface markers, including the CD3/T cell receptor complex. Optimal T cell production was observed when matrices contained at least 40–50% keratinocytes, as described above. From 1 × 104 precursor cel ...
Я-Amyloid-Induced Synthesis of the Ganglioside Gd3 Is a Requisite
... and nuclear chromatin (red) showed few neurons expressing GD3 in control cultures or in cultures exposed to the reverse peptide AP(35–25). Nearly all neurons became immunopositive for GD3 in neurons exposed to AP(25–35). Immunoreactivity was mostly detected in cell nuclei ( yellow) after the addit ...
... and nuclear chromatin (red) showed few neurons expressing GD3 in control cultures or in cultures exposed to the reverse peptide AP(35–25). Nearly all neurons became immunopositive for GD3 in neurons exposed to AP(25–35). Immunoreactivity was mostly detected in cell nuclei ( yellow) after the addit ...
The water of life: osmoregulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... Interactions between the target of rapamycin (TOR) and the CWI pathways during nutrient stress, and effects on osmotolerance ...
... Interactions between the target of rapamycin (TOR) and the CWI pathways during nutrient stress, and effects on osmotolerance ...
Mesp1 A Key Regulator of Cardiovascular Lineage Commitment
... a marker of the early PS is expressed and peaks within the first 2 days of ESC differentiation.34 Mesp1 is expressed soon after the onset of Brachyury expression, peaks at D3-4 and is rapidly downregulated thereafter,19,25,35,36 mimicking its early and transient expression during mouse gastrulation. ...
... a marker of the early PS is expressed and peaks within the first 2 days of ESC differentiation.34 Mesp1 is expressed soon after the onset of Brachyury expression, peaks at D3-4 and is rapidly downregulated thereafter,19,25,35,36 mimicking its early and transient expression during mouse gastrulation. ...
Patterning and morphogenesis of the follicle cell epithelium during
... and migrate posteriorly so that by stage 1OA, the oocyte is covered by a sheet of thick columnar follicle cells, while only a thin layer of stretched cells are leh covering the nurse cells (Fig. 20). At the same time, a group of about 6 to 10 anterior follicle cells move through the nurse cell clust ...
... and migrate posteriorly so that by stage 1OA, the oocyte is covered by a sheet of thick columnar follicle cells, while only a thin layer of stretched cells are leh covering the nurse cells (Fig. 20). At the same time, a group of about 6 to 10 anterior follicle cells move through the nurse cell clust ...
Bactericidal Antibiotics Induce Toxic Metabolic - Collins Lab
... contains a spreadsheet of normalized metabolite measurements and pathway associations. Figure 1 shows the fold change (with respect to UNT0) in relative concentration for the detected metabolites across all treatment conditions, grouped into the six most biologically relevant super-pathways. We obse ...
... contains a spreadsheet of normalized metabolite measurements and pathway associations. Figure 1 shows the fold change (with respect to UNT0) in relative concentration for the detected metabolites across all treatment conditions, grouped into the six most biologically relevant super-pathways. We obse ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.