How to build a grid cell
... properties [16]. However, modelling showed that dendrites are unlikely to oscillate independently at different frequencies over sufficiently long periods of time [18], making it more likely that the VCOs are driven by synaptic inputs from direction-sensitive neurons [15,19]. At any rate, action pote ...
... properties [16]. However, modelling showed that dendrites are unlikely to oscillate independently at different frequencies over sufficiently long periods of time [18], making it more likely that the VCOs are driven by synaptic inputs from direction-sensitive neurons [15,19]. At any rate, action pote ...
View PDF - G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics
... Figure 2 Cells do not require growth in acetatecontaining medium prior to induction of synchronous sporulation. (A) Flowchart for inducing synchronous sporulation. Diploid pCUP-IME1/pCUP-IME4 (FW1810) cells were grown to exponential phase for 6–7 hr in YPD. Cells were subsequently diluted to YPD me ...
... Figure 2 Cells do not require growth in acetatecontaining medium prior to induction of synchronous sporulation. (A) Flowchart for inducing synchronous sporulation. Diploid pCUP-IME1/pCUP-IME4 (FW1810) cells were grown to exponential phase for 6–7 hr in YPD. Cells were subsequently diluted to YPD me ...
Full PDF
... A hallmark of tissue injury and repair is the turnover of extracellular matrix components. This review focuses on the role of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan in tissue injury and repair. Both the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix are critical contributors to tissue repair and remode ...
... A hallmark of tissue injury and repair is the turnover of extracellular matrix components. This review focuses on the role of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan in tissue injury and repair. Both the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix are critical contributors to tissue repair and remode ...
Translocation of Magnaporthe oryzae Effectors into
... Primary fluorescent BICs inside first-invaded rice cells remained at the same location beside the first differentiated IH cell as long as the fungus continued to grow in that rice cell, even until later stages when IH had completely filled the cell (Figure 1B; see Supplemental Figure 3D online). Pri ...
... Primary fluorescent BICs inside first-invaded rice cells remained at the same location beside the first differentiated IH cell as long as the fungus continued to grow in that rice cell, even until later stages when IH had completely filled the cell (Figure 1B; see Supplemental Figure 3D online). Pri ...
The membrane form of the DNA repair protein Ku interacts at the cell
... Subject Categories: cell & tissue architecture; genome stability & dynamics Keywords: extracellular matrix; invasion; ku heterodimer; macrophages; metalloproteinase 9 ...
... Subject Categories: cell & tissue architecture; genome stability & dynamics Keywords: extracellular matrix; invasion; ku heterodimer; macrophages; metalloproteinase 9 ...
Different Doses of the Enhanced UV
... This study found that compared with control group (CK), low dose of UV-B irradiation (B1) can make wheat root growth straighter and longer, with high doses of UV-B irradiation makes wheat root growth shorter and bender. On the basis of such front research, we made further exploration on whether the ...
... This study found that compared with control group (CK), low dose of UV-B irradiation (B1) can make wheat root growth straighter and longer, with high doses of UV-B irradiation makes wheat root growth shorter and bender. On the basis of such front research, we made further exploration on whether the ...
Cell shape changes during gastrulation in
... dorsal group genes. The dorsal protein becomes localized in the nuclei on the ventral side, but remains in the cytoplasm on the dorsal side of the embryo (Roth et al. 1989; Rushlow et al. 1989; Steward, 1989). Mutations in dorsal group genes can alter the localisation of the dorsal protein such that ...
... dorsal group genes. The dorsal protein becomes localized in the nuclei on the ventral side, but remains in the cytoplasm on the dorsal side of the embryo (Roth et al. 1989; Rushlow et al. 1989; Steward, 1989). Mutations in dorsal group genes can alter the localisation of the dorsal protein such that ...
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule
... 7 members that work to capture spindle microtubules at kinetochore sites. Therefore, shared membership within a particular kinesin clade does not necessarily mean that the plant and animal kinesins perform similar functions. Genome analysis indicates that the microtubule-based motor protein dynein ...
... 7 members that work to capture spindle microtubules at kinetochore sites. Therefore, shared membership within a particular kinesin clade does not necessarily mean that the plant and animal kinesins perform similar functions. Genome analysis indicates that the microtubule-based motor protein dynein ...
Experimental taphonomy of giant sulphur bacteria: implications for
... Nonetheless, there are inherent problems with the giant-sulphur-bacteria interpretation. There is no structure in Thiomargarita comparable with the multi-layered ornate envelope observed in the fossils [10], though Bailey et al. [11] compared the ornamentation of the fossil envelope walls with the s ...
... Nonetheless, there are inherent problems with the giant-sulphur-bacteria interpretation. There is no structure in Thiomargarita comparable with the multi-layered ornate envelope observed in the fossils [10], though Bailey et al. [11] compared the ornamentation of the fossil envelope walls with the s ...
Canonical Wnt signaling is required for development of
... Wnt ligand expression and pathway activity in vitro mirror those found in vivo. Furthermore, inhibition of this endogenous Wnt signaling abrogates the functional competence of differentiating ES cells, reflected by their failure to generate Flk1+ mesodermal precursors and subsequent mature mesodermal ...
... Wnt ligand expression and pathway activity in vitro mirror those found in vivo. Furthermore, inhibition of this endogenous Wnt signaling abrogates the functional competence of differentiating ES cells, reflected by their failure to generate Flk1+ mesodermal precursors and subsequent mature mesodermal ...
Mitochondria as signaling organelles R E V I E W Open Access
... metabolites. The citric acid cycle, commonly referred to as the TCA cycle, generates metabolites and reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2). Electrons from reducing equivalents feed into the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), which pumps protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane to g ...
... metabolites. The citric acid cycle, commonly referred to as the TCA cycle, generates metabolites and reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2). Electrons from reducing equivalents feed into the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), which pumps protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane to g ...
1 - Purdue Department of Biological Sciences
... protoxylem, red bracket marks metaxylem. Bar=66 lm. c–j Cells numbered 1–4 show different developmental stages of xylem vessels, described in g. c In situ hybridization of ZeFLA11 sense riboprobe with an equivalent serial section as shown in b, showing nonspecific background labeling in stem bundle 12 ...
... protoxylem, red bracket marks metaxylem. Bar=66 lm. c–j Cells numbered 1–4 show different developmental stages of xylem vessels, described in g. c In situ hybridization of ZeFLA11 sense riboprobe with an equivalent serial section as shown in b, showing nonspecific background labeling in stem bundle 12 ...
Cell-surface location of Listeria-specific protein p60
... emphasize the need for more rapid and reliable detection procedures. The main interest has focused on genetic and immunoassay methods (Butman et al., 1988; McLauchlin et al., 1989; Kohler et al., 1990; Siragusa & Johnson, 1990; Wang et al., 1991). We have prepared a specific antiserum against the 60 ...
... emphasize the need for more rapid and reliable detection procedures. The main interest has focused on genetic and immunoassay methods (Butman et al., 1988; McLauchlin et al., 1989; Kohler et al., 1990; Siragusa & Johnson, 1990; Wang et al., 1991). We have prepared a specific antiserum against the 60 ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... systems will allow for monitoring growth during the entire life cycle of plants. For example, one could analyse how the onset of inflorescence growth affects growth of rosette leaves, or how leaf and root growth are related. Very few studies have addressed the latter question, but evidence suggests ...
... systems will allow for monitoring growth during the entire life cycle of plants. For example, one could analyse how the onset of inflorescence growth affects growth of rosette leaves, or how leaf and root growth are related. Very few studies have addressed the latter question, but evidence suggests ...
- Wiley Online Library
... partners inactive in the cytoplasm (Hayden and Ghosh, 2004), and perhaps partially compensate for the loss of function of the “typical” IjBs (Tergaonkar et al., 2005). Recently, NFjB independent functions for both IKKa and IKKb have been identified (Fig. 2). In addition to phosphorylating the IjBs, ...
... partners inactive in the cytoplasm (Hayden and Ghosh, 2004), and perhaps partially compensate for the loss of function of the “typical” IjBs (Tergaonkar et al., 2005). Recently, NFjB independent functions for both IKKa and IKKb have been identified (Fig. 2). In addition to phosphorylating the IjBs, ...
YSK1 is activated by the Golgi matrix protein GM130 and plays a
... exists at the Golgi apparatus. Phosphorylation at the equivalent position of the T-loop in many other kinases is an important determinant for their activation (Russo et al., 1996). Mutation of the T-loop threonine to alanine to give YSK1T174A resulted in a form of the kinase that showed no activity ...
... exists at the Golgi apparatus. Phosphorylation at the equivalent position of the T-loop in many other kinases is an important determinant for their activation (Russo et al., 1996). Mutation of the T-loop threonine to alanine to give YSK1T174A resulted in a form of the kinase that showed no activity ...
Cancer stem cells and addicted cancer cells
... mutations most often occur in the APC gene. The cancer that results from a mutation in this gene grows slowly. A second mutation in another gene, for example in the KRAS gene, normally encoding for GTPase KRAS which participates as an essential regulator in many signaling transduction pathways, resu ...
... mutations most often occur in the APC gene. The cancer that results from a mutation in this gene grows slowly. A second mutation in another gene, for example in the KRAS gene, normally encoding for GTPase KRAS which participates as an essential regulator in many signaling transduction pathways, resu ...
New Insights on Plant Cell Elongation: A Role for Acetylcholine
... rooting of leaf explants [82], promoting lateral roots [83], interacting with phytochrome [28], and mediating coleoptyl segment elongation [37,38]. In our experimental system, no additive effect was observed in segment elongation when auxin and Ach—with or without sucrose—were added to the medium (d ...
... rooting of leaf explants [82], promoting lateral roots [83], interacting with phytochrome [28], and mediating coleoptyl segment elongation [37,38]. In our experimental system, no additive effect was observed in segment elongation when auxin and Ach—with or without sucrose—were added to the medium (d ...
Energetics and genetics across the prokaryote
... Despite their metabolic virtuosity, living prokaryotes are barely distinguishable from 3-billion year old microfossils in their morphological appearance [18]. At a molecular level there is no obvious reason for this limitation: bacteria made a start up every avenue of complexity, but then stopped sh ...
... Despite their metabolic virtuosity, living prokaryotes are barely distinguishable from 3-billion year old microfossils in their morphological appearance [18]. At a molecular level there is no obvious reason for this limitation: bacteria made a start up every avenue of complexity, but then stopped sh ...
Full text in pdf format
... in situ temperature (Zimmermann et al. 1978). Incubation was stopped by the addition of buffered formalin Bacterial abundance and biomass were highest at (final conc.: 2 O/O w/v), and bacterial cells containing red formazan crystals (400 to 600 cells) were quantified on the beginning and towards the ...
... in situ temperature (Zimmermann et al. 1978). Incubation was stopped by the addition of buffered formalin Bacterial abundance and biomass were highest at (final conc.: 2 O/O w/v), and bacterial cells containing red formazan crystals (400 to 600 cells) were quantified on the beginning and towards the ...
Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH
... filopodial extensions, far from the cell body. Stabilized interactions are formed between filopodia containing SHH ligand and those containing co-receptors over a long range. These results suggest that contact-mediated release propagated by specialized filopodia contributes to the delivery of SHH at ...
... filopodial extensions, far from the cell body. Stabilized interactions are formed between filopodia containing SHH ligand and those containing co-receptors over a long range. These results suggest that contact-mediated release propagated by specialized filopodia contributes to the delivery of SHH at ...
114 - University of Oxford
... of some components of the Notch-Delta pathway in the PSM suggests that the segmentation clock could control somitogenesis by modulating their signalling during segmentation. Recent studies by McGrew et al. (1998) and Forsberg et al. (1998) have shown that lunatic fringe (l-fng) gene expression resem ...
... of some components of the Notch-Delta pathway in the PSM suggests that the segmentation clock could control somitogenesis by modulating their signalling during segmentation. Recent studies by McGrew et al. (1998) and Forsberg et al. (1998) have shown that lunatic fringe (l-fng) gene expression resem ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.