114 - University of Oxford
... of some components of the Notch-Delta pathway in the PSM suggests that the segmentation clock could control somitogenesis by modulating their signalling during segmentation. Recent studies by McGrew et al. (1998) and Forsberg et al. (1998) have shown that lunatic fringe (l-fng) gene expression resem ...
... of some components of the Notch-Delta pathway in the PSM suggests that the segmentation clock could control somitogenesis by modulating their signalling during segmentation. Recent studies by McGrew et al. (1998) and Forsberg et al. (1998) have shown that lunatic fringe (l-fng) gene expression resem ...
Neurotoxin-induced degeneration of dopamine neurons
... hermaphrodite without any apparent expression in other cell types (Fig 1 a and d; see Movie 1, which is available as supporting information on the PNAS web site, www.pnas.org). Labeled cells match the position of cells visualized with tyrosine hydroxylase (cat-2) GFP reporter construct (EM641, gift ...
... hermaphrodite without any apparent expression in other cell types (Fig 1 a and d; see Movie 1, which is available as supporting information on the PNAS web site, www.pnas.org). Labeled cells match the position of cells visualized with tyrosine hydroxylase (cat-2) GFP reporter construct (EM641, gift ...
Significance of hydrolytic enzymes expressed during xylem
... integrity, but also during immune or defence responses of all multicellular organisms. But PCD has even been observed in protozoa and is generally considered to be an evolutionary conserved mechanism (Ameisen 2002). In contrast to passive, traumatic forms of cell death, such as necrosis, that result ...
... integrity, but also during immune or defence responses of all multicellular organisms. But PCD has even been observed in protozoa and is generally considered to be an evolutionary conserved mechanism (Ameisen 2002). In contrast to passive, traumatic forms of cell death, such as necrosis, that result ...
Degradation of the plant cell wall by nematodes
... symptom of soft-rot diseases (Lietzke et al., 1994). Pectin degradation requires the combined action of several enzymes. These can be divided into two groups: pectin esterases, which remove the methoxyl groups from pectin, and depolymerases (hydrolases and lyases), which cleave the backbone chain ( ...
... symptom of soft-rot diseases (Lietzke et al., 1994). Pectin degradation requires the combined action of several enzymes. These can be divided into two groups: pectin esterases, which remove the methoxyl groups from pectin, and depolymerases (hydrolases and lyases), which cleave the backbone chain ( ...
Suppression by Filarial Parasites Not IL
... profound proliferative suppression was still observed. This demonstrated that suppression was an active process and not due to an absence of costimulatory molecules or reduced numbers of effective APC. Moreover, while suppression could be transferred with supernatants from cultured PEC, this was not ...
... profound proliferative suppression was still observed. This demonstrated that suppression was an active process and not due to an absence of costimulatory molecules or reduced numbers of effective APC. Moreover, while suppression could be transferred with supernatants from cultured PEC, this was not ...
Assessment of antimicrobial compounds by microscopy techniques
... related to the interaction of AMPPs and LPS [11]. In this context, microscopy techniques can provide us with detailed information about peptide interaction with both phospholipid and LPS bilayers. 2.1 Lipid bilayers 2.1.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nowadays, AFM has emerged as a powerful techniq ...
... related to the interaction of AMPPs and LPS [11]. In this context, microscopy techniques can provide us with detailed information about peptide interaction with both phospholipid and LPS bilayers. 2.1 Lipid bilayers 2.1.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nowadays, AFM has emerged as a powerful techniq ...
salinity change and cell volume: the response of tissues from the
... margin, in the region just posterior to the posterior adductor muscle and near the exhalant siphon (as described for Mytilus by White, 1937). A strip of the mantle margin was detached from the shell and cut away from the adjoining mantle tissue. The shell-facing surface of the tissue piece was gentl ...
... margin, in the region just posterior to the posterior adductor muscle and near the exhalant siphon (as described for Mytilus by White, 1937). A strip of the mantle margin was detached from the shell and cut away from the adjoining mantle tissue. The shell-facing surface of the tissue piece was gentl ...
Multiscale Systems Analysis of Root Growth and
... descriptions have had essentially phenomenological components: Relating the quantities that appear within them to the cellular and subcellular properties is a crucial and challenging aspect of multiscale mechanistic modeling. Systematic mathematical procedures (associated with homogenization theory ...
... descriptions have had essentially phenomenological components: Relating the quantities that appear within them to the cellular and subcellular properties is a crucial and challenging aspect of multiscale mechanistic modeling. Systematic mathematical procedures (associated with homogenization theory ...
University of Groningen Carbohydrate production by
... divided into laminarins, chrysolaminaran and paramylon, distinguished mainly on the basis of chain length and presence of mannitol end groups. All have an essentially linear β -D-(1,3)glucose backbone with some branching at position 6 (Percival 1970; Craigie 1974; Myklestad 1978; Paulsen and Myklest ...
... divided into laminarins, chrysolaminaran and paramylon, distinguished mainly on the basis of chain length and presence of mannitol end groups. All have an essentially linear β -D-(1,3)glucose backbone with some branching at position 6 (Percival 1970; Craigie 1974; Myklestad 1978; Paulsen and Myklest ...
Plant ER geometry and dynamics: A complex web of cytoskeletal
... the ER tubules from static nodes. The Steiner network analysis also allows for polygon formation. Moreover by adding constraints on the allowable size of angles between tubules forming and extending from a node, the unique minimal network between observed ER nodes shows a similar network structure t ...
... the ER tubules from static nodes. The Steiner network analysis also allows for polygon formation. Moreover by adding constraints on the allowable size of angles between tubules forming and extending from a node, the unique minimal network between observed ER nodes shows a similar network structure t ...
Embodied Computation Applying the Physics of Computation to Artificial Morphogenesis
... agents will be primarily be means of control of local adhesion. But we may have to adapt some morphogenetic processes to accommodate artificial agents with more limited locomotive abilities than their natural counterparts. Electrostatic adhesion is another possibility [19], but it does not have the ...
... agents will be primarily be means of control of local adhesion. But we may have to adapt some morphogenetic processes to accommodate artificial agents with more limited locomotive abilities than their natural counterparts. Electrostatic adhesion is another possibility [19], but it does not have the ...
Genetic analysis of seed coat development in Arabidopsis
... Seed coat growth and differentiation are initiated by fertilization and proceed coordinately with those of the embryo and endosperm [3–5]. Unlike the embryo and endosperm, the seed coat is not directly involved in the fertilization process. Therefore, one or more events during or following fertiliza ...
... Seed coat growth and differentiation are initiated by fertilization and proceed coordinately with those of the embryo and endosperm [3–5]. Unlike the embryo and endosperm, the seed coat is not directly involved in the fertilization process. Therefore, one or more events during or following fertiliza ...
Text - Enlighten - University of Glasgow
... whether suppressing H+ -ATPase activity at the plasma membrane is essential for stomatal closure and how it affects K+ transport, and more generally osmotic solute transport, at both the plasma membrane and tonoplast. The elements of an OnGuard model Stomatal movements arise from the transport, accu ...
... whether suppressing H+ -ATPase activity at the plasma membrane is essential for stomatal closure and how it affects K+ transport, and more generally osmotic solute transport, at both the plasma membrane and tonoplast. The elements of an OnGuard model Stomatal movements arise from the transport, accu ...
20. A Cellular Adventure
... Lysosome: Yeah, I do get very full. Sometimes I feel like I’m going to burst. All of the organelles mumble “Oh, no… don’t burst!” Ryan: Well, what’s wrong with that? Lysosome: Remember when I said that I was full of digestive enzymes? Ryan: Yeah, but what does that have to do with anything? Lysosome ...
... Lysosome: Yeah, I do get very full. Sometimes I feel like I’m going to burst. All of the organelles mumble “Oh, no… don’t burst!” Ryan: Well, what’s wrong with that? Lysosome: Remember when I said that I was full of digestive enzymes? Ryan: Yeah, but what does that have to do with anything? Lysosome ...
Microbiology
... to carry the antigenic determinant for class 3.2 strainspecific mAbs and its surface location was corroborated by immunogold T E M investigations. However, no information about its function is available, because we do not have a mutant which fails to bind the mAbs. Levanony & Bashan (1989) showed a ...
... to carry the antigenic determinant for class 3.2 strainspecific mAbs and its surface location was corroborated by immunogold T E M investigations. However, no information about its function is available, because we do not have a mutant which fails to bind the mAbs. Levanony & Bashan (1989) showed a ...
Cellular Maturation Defects in Bruton`s Tyrosine
... C␥2. Cytoplasmic ⫹ pre-B cells of mice deficient for the preBCR components 5, VpreB, membrane H chain, Ig␣, or Ig or the pre-BCR signaling molecules Syk or p85␣ do not enter the expansion phase (reviewed in Ref. 3). In contrast, absence of the pre-BCR signaling proteins Btk and BLNK/SLP-65 was ...
... C␥2. Cytoplasmic ⫹ pre-B cells of mice deficient for the preBCR components 5, VpreB, membrane H chain, Ig␣, or Ig or the pre-BCR signaling molecules Syk or p85␣ do not enter the expansion phase (reviewed in Ref. 3). In contrast, absence of the pre-BCR signaling proteins Btk and BLNK/SLP-65 was ...
SURVEY AND SUMMARY Self-assembled nucleolipids: from
... anti-cancer or antiviral activity than the parent drugs. Remarkably, the amphiphilic molecules obtained selforganize into nanoassemblies in aqueous medium, whatever the nucleoside analogue. Squalenoylation provides an original platform for improving efficacy and delivery of nucleosidic drugs, which c ...
... anti-cancer or antiviral activity than the parent drugs. Remarkably, the amphiphilic molecules obtained selforganize into nanoassemblies in aqueous medium, whatever the nucleoside analogue. Squalenoylation provides an original platform for improving efficacy and delivery of nucleosidic drugs, which c ...
A model of chloroplast growth regulation in mesophyll cells
... constant for all cell plan areas. The third important observation is that irregularly shaped chloroplasts have more scatter, which means that chloroplast geometry matters. Here we propose a mechanism to explain this observed chloroplast growth regulation phenomenon. The ability to sense the collecti ...
... constant for all cell plan areas. The third important observation is that irregularly shaped chloroplasts have more scatter, which means that chloroplast geometry matters. Here we propose a mechanism to explain this observed chloroplast growth regulation phenomenon. The ability to sense the collecti ...
ATR Regulates a G2-Phase Cell-Cycle Checkpoint
... telangiectasia-mutated [ATM] in mammals, Mec1 in S. cerevisiae) are essential regulators of cell-cycle checkpoints, sensing DNA damage and/or single-stranded DNA and activating downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression and DNA repair. ATM is activated primarily by DNA double-strand breaks. ATMd ...
... telangiectasia-mutated [ATM] in mammals, Mec1 in S. cerevisiae) are essential regulators of cell-cycle checkpoints, sensing DNA damage and/or single-stranded DNA and activating downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression and DNA repair. ATM is activated primarily by DNA double-strand breaks. ATMd ...
NETosis: how vital is it?
... nuclear material from the nucleus to the environment. Many eukaryotic cells routinely dismantle their nuclear envelope, independent of NADPH oxidase, in order to divide DNA. Therefore, molecular insights into how PMNs free DNA from the nucleus may be gained by reviewing how other cells undergo nucle ...
... nuclear material from the nucleus to the environment. Many eukaryotic cells routinely dismantle their nuclear envelope, independent of NADPH oxidase, in order to divide DNA. Therefore, molecular insights into how PMNs free DNA from the nucleus may be gained by reviewing how other cells undergo nucle ...
The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how
... Rogers et al., 1980). Although the exact biological function (or functions) of these negatively charged SCWPs is not fully understood, several general functions have been attributed to them. These include (i) binding of divalent cations, (ii) role in the balance of metal ions for membrane functional ...
... Rogers et al., 1980). Although the exact biological function (or functions) of these negatively charged SCWPs is not fully understood, several general functions have been attributed to them. These include (i) binding of divalent cations, (ii) role in the balance of metal ions for membrane functional ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.