An Equatorial Contractile Mechanism Drives Cell Elongation but not
... transcription factor brachyury, is completed at the 110 cell stage [42,43]. During gastrulation, 10 notochord precursors undergo two rounds of cell division and the resulting 40 cells form a monolayer epithelium anterior to the blastopore [8,11,44,45]. Subsequently, in approximately 3 h up to the ea ...
... transcription factor brachyury, is completed at the 110 cell stage [42,43]. During gastrulation, 10 notochord precursors undergo two rounds of cell division and the resulting 40 cells form a monolayer epithelium anterior to the blastopore [8,11,44,45]. Subsequently, in approximately 3 h up to the ea ...
Embryonic stem cells assume a primitive neural stem cell fate in the
... Is this neural transition truly occurring by default? A protein component of the media formulation, transferrin, has been suggested to be required for ES cell neural fate initiation (Ying et al., 2003). We show that nestin and Sox1 expression was established after 4 h, even when ES cells were cultur ...
... Is this neural transition truly occurring by default? A protein component of the media formulation, transferrin, has been suggested to be required for ES cell neural fate initiation (Ying et al., 2003). We show that nestin and Sox1 expression was established after 4 h, even when ES cells were cultur ...
HOXs and lincRNAs: Two sides of the same coin
... large chromatin domains, maintenance of active chromatin state, or RNA interference–mediated silencing processes, as shown for the globin gene cluster (16, 18, 20). These lincRNAs can affect gene regulation through both cis and trans mechanisms on Hox and non-Hox genes (21–25). Mammalian and inverte ...
... large chromatin domains, maintenance of active chromatin state, or RNA interference–mediated silencing processes, as shown for the globin gene cluster (16, 18, 20). These lincRNAs can affect gene regulation through both cis and trans mechanisms on Hox and non-Hox genes (21–25). Mammalian and inverte ...
Zasp is required for the assembly of functional integrin adhesion sites
... These observations point to a major role for integrins in S2R+ cell spreading and indicate that S2 cells spread on concanavalin A by an integrin-independent mechanism. We next tested if this difference in spreading can be exploited to screen for novel regulators of integrin-mediated cell spreading. ...
... These observations point to a major role for integrins in S2R+ cell spreading and indicate that S2 cells spread on concanavalin A by an integrin-independent mechanism. We next tested if this difference in spreading can be exploited to screen for novel regulators of integrin-mediated cell spreading. ...
Blood Stem Cell Activity Is Arrested by Th1
... (1–3). At steady-state, most HSCs are quiescent (4, 5), but in situations of increased demand, injury of cells, blood loss, and senescence they dynamically respond to generate more blood. An array of signals can trigger this HSC activity, such as cytokines released during infections, and possibly di ...
... (1–3). At steady-state, most HSCs are quiescent (4, 5), but in situations of increased demand, injury of cells, blood loss, and senescence they dynamically respond to generate more blood. An array of signals can trigger this HSC activity, such as cytokines released during infections, and possibly di ...
Nonlysosomal Vesicles (Acidosomes) Are Involved
... (1) to follow the time course of the pH changes in phagosomes (2-5) and endosomes ( l, 4, 6-8) of various cells suggest that the pH of a vesicle or vacuole that derives from the cell surface often becomes acid before such an organelle fuses with lysosomes. Thus the mechanism for the initial acidific ...
... (1) to follow the time course of the pH changes in phagosomes (2-5) and endosomes ( l, 4, 6-8) of various cells suggest that the pH of a vesicle or vacuole that derives from the cell surface often becomes acid before such an organelle fuses with lysosomes. Thus the mechanism for the initial acidific ...
Cell movements driving neuruiation in avian embryos
... reveals that neurulation is not an all-or-none event, but rather requires an interacting series of diverse cell behaviors, which are precisely coordinated in both time and space. Such behaviors include changes in cell number (division and death), cell shape and size (wedging, palisading and spreadin ...
... reveals that neurulation is not an all-or-none event, but rather requires an interacting series of diverse cell behaviors, which are precisely coordinated in both time and space. Such behaviors include changes in cell number (division and death), cell shape and size (wedging, palisading and spreadin ...
How plant cells explore geometry - The polarity induction and
... Cell polarity and axis development are central for plant morphogenesis. Cell movement as central mechanism for animal morphogenesis does not play a role in the walled cells of higher plants. Plant development rather relies on flexible alignment of cell axis adjusting cellular differentiation with re ...
... Cell polarity and axis development are central for plant morphogenesis. Cell movement as central mechanism for animal morphogenesis does not play a role in the walled cells of higher plants. Plant development rather relies on flexible alignment of cell axis adjusting cellular differentiation with re ...
Arabidopsis RHD3 mediates the generation of the tubular ER
... also Fig. 3A and Fig. 8A for rhd3-1 phenotype). Confocal imaging of rhd3-1::GFP–RHD3 root epidermal cells revealed that the fusion protein marked a fine meshwork reminiscent of the cortical ER (Fig. 1E; supplementary material Movies 1, 2). In rhd3-1 cells, the fine polygonal tubular ER appeared seve ...
... also Fig. 3A and Fig. 8A for rhd3-1 phenotype). Confocal imaging of rhd3-1::GFP–RHD3 root epidermal cells revealed that the fusion protein marked a fine meshwork reminiscent of the cortical ER (Fig. 1E; supplementary material Movies 1, 2). In rhd3-1 cells, the fine polygonal tubular ER appeared seve ...
Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function Multiple
... 40) A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A) It will have no unfavorable effec ...
... 40) A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A) It will have no unfavorable effec ...
Functional coupling of microtubules to membranes
... where such rapid changes of direction are triggered by the specific recruitment of opposing motors (Schuster et al., 2011). The physiological reasons for opposing motors acting on the same cargo is not entirely clear, but possible reasons for such a set-up could be to avoid ‘roadblocks’ (i.e. the co ...
... where such rapid changes of direction are triggered by the specific recruitment of opposing motors (Schuster et al., 2011). The physiological reasons for opposing motors acting on the same cargo is not entirely clear, but possible reasons for such a set-up could be to avoid ‘roadblocks’ (i.e. the co ...
Protruding Vulva Mutants Identify Novel Loci and Wnt
... P0 animals were allowed to self-fertilize, F1 progeny from these animals were picked, seven animals to a 60-mm plate, and their F2 progeny were screened for fertile animals having a protruding vulval phenotype (Pvl). Only a single Pvl mutant animal was taken from each plate of F2 animals. A total of ...
... P0 animals were allowed to self-fertilize, F1 progeny from these animals were picked, seven animals to a 60-mm plate, and their F2 progeny were screened for fertile animals having a protruding vulval phenotype (Pvl). Only a single Pvl mutant animal was taken from each plate of F2 animals. A total of ...
Planar cell polarity signalling regulates cell adhesion properties in
... To investigate a possible role for PCP signalling during KV organ morphogenesis, we first determined the expression of PCP components in DFCs by wholemount in situ hybridisation. We found that the secreted ligand wnt11 (Heisenberg et al., 2000) and the core signalling component prickle1a (pk1a) (Car ...
... To investigate a possible role for PCP signalling during KV organ morphogenesis, we first determined the expression of PCP components in DFCs by wholemount in situ hybridisation. We found that the secreted ligand wnt11 (Heisenberg et al., 2000) and the core signalling component prickle1a (pk1a) (Car ...
Functions and Mechanisms of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF
... imaginal disc and initiates growth and differentiation of tip and stalk structures [35]. Similar to embryonic secondary branch morphogenesis, these events require the transcriptional target Pointed. The FGF and EGF receptor tyrosine kinases have distinct functions in this process: FGFR being respons ...
... imaginal disc and initiates growth and differentiation of tip and stalk structures [35]. Similar to embryonic secondary branch morphogenesis, these events require the transcriptional target Pointed. The FGF and EGF receptor tyrosine kinases have distinct functions in this process: FGFR being respons ...
Reconciling an archaeal origin of eukaryotes with engulfment: a
... a derived group emerging within the Archaea. The specific topology shown is the Eocyte tree. Note that, under the Eocyte hypothesis, Eukaryotes are, phylogenetically, a group within archaea, so the eukaryote total group (stem plus crown) is nested within the diversity of the archaeal crown. In both ...
... a derived group emerging within the Archaea. The specific topology shown is the Eocyte tree. Note that, under the Eocyte hypothesis, Eukaryotes are, phylogenetically, a group within archaea, so the eukaryote total group (stem plus crown) is nested within the diversity of the archaeal crown. In both ...
The Arabidopsis TRM1-TON1 interaction reveals a recruitment
... from a human myeloproliferative syndrome (Popovici et al., 1999; Andersen et al., 2003; Lelièvre et al., 2008). FOP is recruited to the centrosome through its interaction with Centrosome-Associated Protein350 (CAP350), a large centrosomal protein suspected to be involved in microtubules anchoring a ...
... from a human myeloproliferative syndrome (Popovici et al., 1999; Andersen et al., 2003; Lelièvre et al., 2008). FOP is recruited to the centrosome through its interaction with Centrosome-Associated Protein350 (CAP350), a large centrosomal protein suspected to be involved in microtubules anchoring a ...
Expression of developmental genes during early embryogenesis of
... Among these is homeodomain factor CnNK-2 which is sensitive to the positional value gradient at the basal end of the body axis (Grens et al. 1996), as well as Cnox-2, an ortholog of the ParaHox Gsx gene, which appears to prevent body column tissue from forming a head (Shenk et al. 1993a, 1993b; Endl ...
... Among these is homeodomain factor CnNK-2 which is sensitive to the positional value gradient at the basal end of the body axis (Grens et al. 1996), as well as Cnox-2, an ortholog of the ParaHox Gsx gene, which appears to prevent body column tissue from forming a head (Shenk et al. 1993a, 1993b; Endl ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall continuum
... Fig. 1. The plasma membrane–cell wall anchors. Cell walls are mainly composed of cellulose microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides. Each cellulose microfibril is formed by glucan chains assembled and translocated by a CSC, which moves in the plasma membrane guided by cortical microtubules through C ...
... Fig. 1. The plasma membrane–cell wall anchors. Cell walls are mainly composed of cellulose microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides. Each cellulose microfibril is formed by glucan chains assembled and translocated by a CSC, which moves in the plasma membrane guided by cortical microtubules through C ...
About Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer
... Most skin cancers can be prevented. The best way to lower the number of skin cancers and the pain and loss of life from this disease is to educate the public about skin cancer risk factors, prevention, and detection. It’s important for health care professionals and skin cancer survivors to remind ot ...
... Most skin cancers can be prevented. The best way to lower the number of skin cancers and the pain and loss of life from this disease is to educate the public about skin cancer risk factors, prevention, and detection. It’s important for health care professionals and skin cancer survivors to remind ot ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall
... identify by mass spectroscopy, even in enriched total membrane fractions, where they are abundant (Alexandersson et al., 2004). Therefore, although still controversial, it is hypothesized that the CSCs are delivered to DRM microdomains. Lipid analysis revealed that DRMs are enriched in sterols and s ...
... identify by mass spectroscopy, even in enriched total membrane fractions, where they are abundant (Alexandersson et al., 2004). Therefore, although still controversial, it is hypothesized that the CSCs are delivered to DRM microdomains. Lipid analysis revealed that DRMs are enriched in sterols and s ...
The Arabidopsis TRM1-TON1 interaction reveals a recruitment
... from a human myeloproliferative syndrome (Popovici et al., 1999; Andersen et al., 2003; Lelièvre et al., 2008). FOP is recruited to the centrosome through its interaction with Centrosome-Associated Protein350 (CAP350), a large centrosomal protein suspected to be involved in microtubules anchoring a ...
... from a human myeloproliferative syndrome (Popovici et al., 1999; Andersen et al., 2003; Lelièvre et al., 2008). FOP is recruited to the centrosome through its interaction with Centrosome-Associated Protein350 (CAP350), a large centrosomal protein suspected to be involved in microtubules anchoring a ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.