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... Background / Tor, Rapamycin and Nutrients • The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae senses and responds to nutrients by adapting growth rate and morphogenic transitions • TOR pathway is a major integrator of nutrient-derived signals in cell growth • TOR = Target of Rapamycin, originally identified by mu ...
... Background / Tor, Rapamycin and Nutrients • The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae senses and responds to nutrients by adapting growth rate and morphogenic transitions • TOR pathway is a major integrator of nutrient-derived signals in cell growth • TOR = Target of Rapamycin, originally identified by mu ...
Gutsy moves in mice: cellular and molecular dynamics of endoderm
... primitive streak and undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cells lose epithelial morphology and adopt a mesenchymal shape by breaking down apical–basal cell polarity, cell–cell junctions, as well as constituents of the basement membrane, freeing them to migrate away from the vicinit ...
... primitive streak and undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cells lose epithelial morphology and adopt a mesenchymal shape by breaking down apical–basal cell polarity, cell–cell junctions, as well as constituents of the basement membrane, freeing them to migrate away from the vicinit ...
Cagnac, O., Leterrier, M., Yeager, M. and Blumwald, E. (2007).
... regulation (6) and catalyzes the transport of Na⫹ and K⫹ with similar affinity (Km ⬇ 12 mM). Similar to the 1Na⫹/2H⫹ bacterial antiporters (7), Nha1p activity is electrogenic and induces a net charge movement across the membrane, whereas other eukaryotic Na⫹/H⫹ antiporters are electroneutral (8, 9). ...
... regulation (6) and catalyzes the transport of Na⫹ and K⫹ with similar affinity (Km ⬇ 12 mM). Similar to the 1Na⫹/2H⫹ bacterial antiporters (7), Nha1p activity is electrogenic and induces a net charge movement across the membrane, whereas other eukaryotic Na⫹/H⫹ antiporters are electroneutral (8, 9). ...
Hairy Root Transformation Using Agrobacterium
... (Glycine max). This reporter greatly increased the percentage detection of transformants and was used as a tool to determine the function of the soybean Nod factor receptor, GmNFR1a (Lin et al., 2011). The tomato genome sequence has facilitated the discovery of many genes that regulate tomato growth ...
... (Glycine max). This reporter greatly increased the percentage detection of transformants and was used as a tool to determine the function of the soybean Nod factor receptor, GmNFR1a (Lin et al., 2011). The tomato genome sequence has facilitated the discovery of many genes that regulate tomato growth ...
Regulated trafficking of neurotransmitter transporters: common notes
... cellular redistribution of the various transporters. Probably the most commonly employed technique involves the covalent modification of cell surface proteins with a membrane impermeant biotinylation reagent. After biotiny1 lation, cells are lysed and the biotinylated/cell surface proteins are batch ...
... cellular redistribution of the various transporters. Probably the most commonly employed technique involves the covalent modification of cell surface proteins with a membrane impermeant biotinylation reagent. After biotiny1 lation, cells are lysed and the biotinylated/cell surface proteins are batch ...
FasL gene knock-down therapy enhances the
... seen in response to neutralizing anti-FasL mAb MFL4 (Fig. 3D and E). This further demonstrates that FasL expression by glioma cells can induce FasL-dependent T-cell death and suggested that FasL expression inhibition could enhance the survival of activated glioma-infiltrating T-cells. Stable FasL Kn ...
... seen in response to neutralizing anti-FasL mAb MFL4 (Fig. 3D and E). This further demonstrates that FasL expression by glioma cells can induce FasL-dependent T-cell death and suggested that FasL expression inhibition could enhance the survival of activated glioma-infiltrating T-cells. Stable FasL Kn ...
Active gel physics
... ne of the distinctive properties of living systems is their faculty to move, change shape, divide and create their own morphology. Cells are the elementary building blocks of living systems. Even seemingly simple prokaryotic single-celled organisms such as bacteria exhibit an astonishing complexity. ...
... ne of the distinctive properties of living systems is their faculty to move, change shape, divide and create their own morphology. Cells are the elementary building blocks of living systems. Even seemingly simple prokaryotic single-celled organisms such as bacteria exhibit an astonishing complexity. ...
The complex life of simple sphingolipids
... as the precursor of more complex sphingolipids. In contrast to complex sphingolipids, which contain a hydrophilic region (such as phosphate in the case of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate, phosphorylcholine in sphingomyelin, and sugar residues in glycosphingolipids (GSLs)), cer ...
... as the precursor of more complex sphingolipids. In contrast to complex sphingolipids, which contain a hydrophilic region (such as phosphate in the case of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate, phosphorylcholine in sphingomyelin, and sugar residues in glycosphingolipids (GSLs)), cer ...
Ion-channel blocker sensitivity of voltage-gated
... CCH1ox MID1ox, CCH1–MID1 (wild-type) and cch1D mid1D cells (lacking both Cch1 and Mid1) displayed Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Table 2 shows the apparent Km and Vmax values deduced from the Hanes–Woolf plots for each strain. The Km value of CCH1ox MID1ox (12 mM) was approximately 2.6-fold lower than t ...
... CCH1ox MID1ox, CCH1–MID1 (wild-type) and cch1D mid1D cells (lacking both Cch1 and Mid1) displayed Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Table 2 shows the apparent Km and Vmax values deduced from the Hanes–Woolf plots for each strain. The Km value of CCH1ox MID1ox (12 mM) was approximately 2.6-fold lower than t ...
Chromosome organization and dynamics in plants
... rotations of the entire chromatin in the nucleus (Figure 2) [25]. The motility patterns differ between zygotene and pachytene, particularly the movement of individual chromosome segments. In zygotene, the moving chromosome segments are fairly small and their motions are very rapid. In pachytene, m ...
... rotations of the entire chromatin in the nucleus (Figure 2) [25]. The motility patterns differ between zygotene and pachytene, particularly the movement of individual chromosome segments. In zygotene, the moving chromosome segments are fairly small and their motions are very rapid. In pachytene, m ...
Progress in understanding the role of microtubules in plant cells
... Microtubules have long been known to play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, but just how they fulfill this function is unclear. Transverse microtubules have been thought to constrain the movement of cellulose synthase complexes in order to generate transverse microfibrils that are essential fo ...
... Microtubules have long been known to play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, but just how they fulfill this function is unclear. Transverse microtubules have been thought to constrain the movement of cellulose synthase complexes in order to generate transverse microfibrils that are essential fo ...
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... around the oocyte. Further, egh and brn are essential for the efficient migration and maintenance of border cells and main body epithelial cells when they move towards the oocyte during the late phases of oogenesis. These results suggest that egh and brn are germline components of a differential ooc ...
... around the oocyte. Further, egh and brn are essential for the efficient migration and maintenance of border cells and main body epithelial cells when they move towards the oocyte during the late phases of oogenesis. These results suggest that egh and brn are germline components of a differential ooc ...
Silicification in the Microalgae
... The silicoflagellates, members of the Ochrophyta, Dictyochophyceae, have an amorphous siliceous skeleton of fused, tubular/hollow rods (Lipps 1970). There has been some disagreement about whether the skeleton is fully internal or external to the cell but the work of Moestrup and Thomsen (1990) stron ...
... The silicoflagellates, members of the Ochrophyta, Dictyochophyceae, have an amorphous siliceous skeleton of fused, tubular/hollow rods (Lipps 1970). There has been some disagreement about whether the skeleton is fully internal or external to the cell but the work of Moestrup and Thomsen (1990) stron ...
distribution of microtubules in the golgi apparatus of euglena gracilis
... 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml of media, in the dark, and without shaking. They were exposed to room illumination for about 1-2 h prior to being fixed for microscopy. Cells were prefixed in 005 M sec-collidine-buffered glutaraldehyde (2 %)-paraformaldehyde (2 %) for 45 min, rinsed well i ...
... 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml of media, in the dark, and without shaking. They were exposed to room illumination for about 1-2 h prior to being fixed for microscopy. Cells were prefixed in 005 M sec-collidine-buffered glutaraldehyde (2 %)-paraformaldehyde (2 %) for 45 min, rinsed well i ...
Did trypanosomatid parasites have photosynthetic
... whether or not the researcher is versed in the basic biology of the organisms, and when the breadth of phylogenetic questions increases, so does the level of difficulty that is associated with trying to integrate all of the available information known about diverse groups. Consequently, as the focus ...
... whether or not the researcher is versed in the basic biology of the organisms, and when the breadth of phylogenetic questions increases, so does the level of difficulty that is associated with trying to integrate all of the available information known about diverse groups. Consequently, as the focus ...
The Role of the Arabidopsis ELD1 Gene in Cell
... eld1 mutant cells are also impaired in cell differentiation, most notably in the vascular tissue. The wildtype vascular bundle has a symmetrical diarch in cross-section and is surrounded by a layer of pericycle and endodermal cells (Fig. 3C). The vascular cells of the eld1 mutant root were disorgani ...
... eld1 mutant cells are also impaired in cell differentiation, most notably in the vascular tissue. The wildtype vascular bundle has a symmetrical diarch in cross-section and is surrounded by a layer of pericycle and endodermal cells (Fig. 3C). The vascular cells of the eld1 mutant root were disorgani ...
TMBP200, a Microtubule Bundling Polypeptide Isolated from
... Abbreviations: DTT, dithiothreitol; EGTA, ethyleneglycol bis (2aminoethylether) tetraacetic acid; PIPES, piperazine-N,N¢-bis (2ethanesulfonic acid); PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The nucleotide sequence reported in this pa ...
... Abbreviations: DTT, dithiothreitol; EGTA, ethyleneglycol bis (2aminoethylether) tetraacetic acid; PIPES, piperazine-N,N¢-bis (2ethanesulfonic acid); PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The nucleotide sequence reported in this pa ...
copyrighted material - Edinburgh Cell Wall Group
... O’Neill & York (2003) and Obel et al. (2006). 1.1.1 Some definitions The best-known cell wall component is cellulose – a highly insoluble polysaccharide, of which the microfibrils (‘scaffolding’) of the wall are composed. Cellulose is, however, only one of many polysaccharides found in plant cell wa ...
... O’Neill & York (2003) and Obel et al. (2006). 1.1.1 Some definitions The best-known cell wall component is cellulose – a highly insoluble polysaccharide, of which the microfibrils (‘scaffolding’) of the wall are composed. Cellulose is, however, only one of many polysaccharides found in plant cell wa ...
Pathogenicity and Commensalism Recognition Contribute to Fungal
... recognition through the MR is sufficient for inducing a Th17 response in PBMCs (10). The S. cerevisiae cell wall is almost exclusively composed of glycans. The interaction between the various Saccharomyces cell wall-associated structures with their counter-receptors, and the implications to DC funct ...
... recognition through the MR is sufficient for inducing a Th17 response in PBMCs (10). The S. cerevisiae cell wall is almost exclusively composed of glycans. The interaction between the various Saccharomyces cell wall-associated structures with their counter-receptors, and the implications to DC funct ...
Establishment of Polarity during Organization of the Acentrosomal
... EB1a-GFP and EB1b-GFP appeared in a cometlike pattern (1.01 ⫾ 0.11 m for EB1a; 1.11 ⫾ 0.18 m for EB1b; n ⫽ 50; Figure 1, A and B, and Supplementary Movie 2), whereas EB1c-GFP is nuclear (Figure 1C). The cometlike character, with the bright side leading has been shown to be diagnostic of (⫹)-end gr ...
... EB1a-GFP and EB1b-GFP appeared in a cometlike pattern (1.01 ⫾ 0.11 m for EB1a; 1.11 ⫾ 0.18 m for EB1b; n ⫽ 50; Figure 1, A and B, and Supplementary Movie 2), whereas EB1c-GFP is nuclear (Figure 1C). The cometlike character, with the bright side leading has been shown to be diagnostic of (⫹)-end gr ...
Hierarchies of plant stiffness
... Physiological and mechanical requirements, as well as the physical environment, are among the most important factors that contribute to shaping plant organs and anatomy during growth, and hence the stiffness of plants and their organs. It is essential to first recall the physical and chemical laws to ...
... Physiological and mechanical requirements, as well as the physical environment, are among the most important factors that contribute to shaping plant organs and anatomy during growth, and hence the stiffness of plants and their organs. It is essential to first recall the physical and chemical laws to ...
Guidance of mesoderm cell migration in the Xenopus
... The migration of mesodermal cells away from their site of internalization is a conserved feature of vertebrate gastrulation, although the importance of this process on the mechanics of gastrulation may differ between taxonomic groups (Winklbauer, 1994). Available evidence suggests that migration is ...
... The migration of mesodermal cells away from their site of internalization is a conserved feature of vertebrate gastrulation, although the importance of this process on the mechanics of gastrulation may differ between taxonomic groups (Winklbauer, 1994). Available evidence suggests that migration is ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.